International Multidisciplinary Journal for Research & Development
International Multidisciplinary Journal for Research & Development (IMJRD) is a scholarly publication that provides a platform for academics, researchers, and professionals from various disciplines to share their innovative research and development ideas. The journal aims to promote interdisciplinary research and collaborations across different fields, including but not limited to science, engineering, technology, social sciences,history and humanities. Subject Area Covered:- Sustainable development and environmental studies, Biotechnology and biomedical engineering, Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data science, Materials science and engineering, Energy, power systems, and renewable energy sources, Economics, finance, and business management, Education and learning technologies, Health sciences and healthcare management, Social sciences, and humanities, Information technology and cybersecurity, Robotics and Automation, Agriculture and food science, Transportation and logistics, Urban planning and architecture, Psychology and behavioral sciences.
IMBALANCE BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE IN THE TRAINING OF HOSPITALITY PERSONNEL IN UZBEKISTAN
Amid the rapid growth of tourist flows and the transformation of the hospitality industry, Uzbekistan faces a significant challenge — the mismatch between academic training and market demands. This study analyzes university curricula, student observations, and international models (Switzerland, USA), revealing systemic problems: an overemphasis on theory, weak digital integration, lack of simulation-based training, and limited ties with the industry. Based on regulatory documents (Resolution No. PP-269) and statistical data (an increase in staff turnover to 22% in 2024), recommendations for modernization are proposed: implementation of a modular system, integration of PMS systems, student exchange programs, staff rotation between franchise hotels, expanded partnerships, and enhanced government support. The results of this research can be used in the development of national standards for hospitality workforce training.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
AN APPROACH TO MASS SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER WORLDWIDE
Breast cancer is one of the leading oncological diseases in terms of morbidity and mortality among women worldwide. The introduction and development of mass screening programs allows to detect the disease at an early stage, which dramatically increases the effectiveness of treatment and reduces the mortality rate. Although screening mammography is currently recognized as the most effective early detection method, its availability and uptake varies significantly between countries. In the global health system, it is important to standardize screening strategies, increase public awareness, and strengthen preventive measures aimed at identifying risk factors. This article analyzes the international experience of mass breast cancer screening, methodological approaches and current problems.
EARLY CANCER DETECTION USING BIOPHYSICAL METHODS: BASED ON AMERICAN EXPERIENCE
Early detection of cancer is one of the most promising strategies to decrease mortality and improve the effectiveness of treatment. The American experience in this field demonstrates the crucial role of biophysical methods in identifying oncological diseases at their earliest stages. Biophysical diagnostic tools, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and ultrasound elastography, allow non-invasive assessment of tissue structure, metabolism, and elasticity, revealing abnormalities long before clinical symptoms appear. In the United States, the combination of these imaging techniques with molecular diagnostics and artificial intelligence systems has greatly improved diagnostic precision and patient outcomes. Recent innovations such as nanoplasmonic sensors, quantum dots, and biosensors enable highly sensitive detection of cancer biomarkers in blood, forming the foundation for liquid biopsy technologies. This integration of biophysical and digital methods supports real-time tumor monitoring and personalized medicine approaches. The American model highlights the importance of preventive screening programs such as mammography and low-dose CT scans—supported by advanced imaging and data analysis. As a result, early detection rates and survival outcomes have markedly improved across various cancer types. Overall, biophysical methods represent a vital component of modern oncology, ensuring timely diagnosis, accurate treatment planning, and a higher quality of life for patients.
Qurbonov Jamshid Sobirjonovich, Komilova Nozima Ulugbekovna
ORAL PROFESSIONAL MELODIES: THE MUSICAL HERITAGE OF THE SCHOOL OF BAKHSHI
This article provides a scholarly analysis of the formation process, historical roots, genre features, and performance traditions of Karakalpak oral professional music. It highlights the distinctive features of classical oral professional music compared to folk songs, classifying the repertoire into two groups based on melodic structure and form. Special attention is paid to the musical characteristics of the famous namas "Dem Bermes" and "Adınnan," as well as their role in the tradition of the bakhshi school. The article emphasizes the cultural significance of classical Karakalpak music and its role in transmitting national heritage to the younger generation.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE POETIC CONSTANTS IN ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF ALISHER NAVOIY’S POETRY IN RELATION TO JAMI AND FUZULI
This study examines the challenge of reconstructing the linguistic and poetic invariant in English translations of Alisher Navoiy’s classical Turkic–Persian poetry, with comparative reference to the poetics of Jami and Fuzuli. After outlining the theoretical notion of the “invariant” within translation studies and defining key parameters for the poetic invariant—such as lexical and metaphorical patterns, metrical and rhythmic organization, and intertextual references—the paper analyzes selected English renderings of works by Navoiy, Jami, and Fuzuli. The analysis identifies instances where the invariant has been effectively maintained as well as areas where it has been diminished or lost, and discusses the resulting implications for literary translation practice. The findings indicate that although lexical and thematic invariants can often be successfully conveyed, rhythmic-formal and culturally intertextual aspects tend to be weakened in translation. The paper concludes by offering practical recommendations for translators engaged with classical Eastern poetry.
THE BLOOD SUPPLY AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM OF THE LARYNX: AN ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
The larynx, a vital organ in the respiratory and phonatory systems, depends on a well-organized vascular and lymphatic network to maintain its structure, function, and defense mechanisms. Adequate blood supply ensures oxygenation and nourishment of the laryngeal tissues, while an efficient lymphatic drainage system is crucial for immune protection and the removal of metabolic waste. This article presents a comprehensive anatomical and functional analysis of the laryngeal blood supply and lymphatic system, emphasizing their clinical relevance. The study also highlights how vascular and lymphatic integrity supports phonation, airway protection, and healing after inflammation or surgery. Understanding the vascular and lymphatic anatomy of the larynx is essential for surgeons, anesthesiologists, and otolaryngologists to avoid complications and ensure functional preservation during medical interventions.
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION: MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
Nowadays, venereal diseases and HIV/AIDS remain among the most serious global public health challenges. According to WHO data, more than 39 million people worldwide are living with HIV infection, and over 1.3 million new cases are recorded annually. Specialists recognize AIDS as the first truly global epidemic in human history, since neither plague nor smallpox ever simultaneously affected the entire planet to such an extent. The spread of HIV infection has led to the emergence of serious social, biological, and legal consequences, including restrictions on individual freedom and public health risks. Despite the existence of legal and preventive mechanisms aimed at reducing HIV transmission, their ineffective implementation and lack of accountability among responsible institutions continue to endanger human lives. December 1 is recognized globally as World AIDS Day, emphasizing the necessity of raisingawareness and uniting global efforts against the epidemic. The ongoing increase in HIV incidence, especially in developing regions, highlights the urgent need for improved preventive strategies, enhanced diagnostic screening, and effective educational campaigns. This article examines the current legal and social framework related to HIV prevention in Uzbekistan, identifies several shortcomings in national legislation, and proposes possible solutions to improve the effectiveness of public health and legal responsibility measures. The purpose of the study is to increase public awareness of HIV/AIDS, to highlight its potential global threat, and to strengthen the mechanisms of criminalization and accountability for deliberate HIV transmission.
Kuryazova Saodat Matkarimovna, Eshmamatova Umida Salimovna
THE IMPACT OF RECURRENT STROKE ON PATIENT OUTCOMES AND DISABILITY.
Recurrent strokes are associated with higher mortality, greater disability, and poorer functional outcomes compared to first-ever strokes. The major predictors of recurrence include uncontrolled arterial hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, smoking, dyslipidemia, and inadequate secondary prevention. Recurrences worsen cognitive function, reduce the effectiveness of rehabilitation, and increase the economic burden of the disease. Timely optimization of modifiable risk factors and strict secondary prevention reduce the risk of recurrence and related disability.
WAYS TO IMPROVE COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENT OF POST-BURN EVERSION SCARS OF THE LOWER LIP.
Post-burn eversion scars of the lower lip represent one of the most challenging problems in reconstructive plastic surgery due to significant disruption of anatomical and functional structures and a high tendency of tissues to develop recurrent scarring. This article is devoted to the analysis of current approaches to the treatment of lower lip scar deformities after burns and to the substantiation of ways to improve the effectiveness of comprehensive therapy. An analytical review of the literature was conducted, the limitations of existing correction methods were identified, and key principles for optimizing the therapeutic and rehabilitative process were determined. A conceptual model of comprehensive treatment is proposed, including stages of preoperative preparation, surgical correction, and postoperative rehabilitation with the use of modern minimally invasive and physiotherapeutic technologies. The results may serve as a basis for improving clinical recommendations and enhancing functional and aesthetic outcomes in patients with this pathology.
METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING METHODOLOGICAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS THROUGH DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
This article provides a deep scientific and theoretical analysis of the methodology for using digital technologies in the process of forming methodological competence of future teachers of technological education and developing it at the level of modern requirements. This study highlights the role of digital educational tools in the educational process, their didactic capabilities in developing methodological competence, as well as their effective integration with modern pedagogical technologies. In particular, special attention is paid to the opportunities of teachers using digital technologies to improve teaching strategies, lesson planning, assessment, create an interactive learning environment, and develop students' independent learning skills. and analyses conducted within the framework of the study , it was found that the systematic and comprehensive use of digital tools significantly increases the level of methodological preparation of future teachers [1; 54-b]. The article also provides methodological recommendations on the selection of digital educational tools, their adaptation to the content of education and their effective use aimed at pedagogical goals. The results of this study serve as a scientific and practical basis for improving the quality of personnel training in the field of technological education.
NEUROLOGICAL, LABORATORY AND INSTRUMENTAL EXAMINATIONS OF CHILDREN BEFORE VACCINATION
This article provides a detailed examination of neurological, laboratory, and instrumental methods for examining children prior to vaccination. It describes indications for conducting electroencephalography, neurosonography, complete blood count and biochemical blood tests, immunogram, and other diagnostic procedures. Special attention is devoted to identifying absolute and relative contraindications to vaccination, as well as the algorithm for pre-vaccination examination. The material contains practical recommendations for parents and healthcare workers aimed at ensuring safe and effective immunization of the pediatric population.
Mukhammadjonova Durdona Mukhammadjon qizi
WAYS TO EFFECTIVELY USE THE HERITAGE OF NATIONAL AND UNIVERSAL VALUES IN MUSIC EDUCATION
This article analyzes the theoretical foundations and practical mechanisms of using the heritage of national and universal values in the process of musical education. The article pays special attention to the analysis of methods that serve to spiritually educate the younger generation through musical education, strengthen national identity and form an open attitude to the musical riches of mankind. At the end of the study, proposals and recommendations were developed to integrate a value-based approach to music education.
DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS' PROFESSIONAL AND CREATIVE POTENTIAL THROUGH THE USE OF AXIOLOGICAL HERITAGE IN MUSIC EDUCATION
This article discusses the principles of the use of axiological heritage in music education, the possibilities of combining the system of values with musical competencies, and increasing students' creative thinking, artistic and aesthetic views and motivation for musical activities. As a result of the integration of axiological heritage samples into the educational process, the formation of national identity, musical aesthetic criteria, and the perception of loyalty to the cultural heritage in students is scientifically analyzed. Based on the research results, effective methods for developing the professional and creative potential of students are proposed.
XYLOPHAGOUS INSECTS AND TERMITE DAMAGE TO ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE
Xylophagous (“wood-eating”) insects – notably termites (order Blattodea: infraorder Isoptera) and various wood-boring beetles – play a key ecological role in decomposing dead wood[1]. Termites are eusocial insects that digest cellulose via symbiotic gut flora or their own enzymes[2]. Subterranean termites live in large colonies (often 10^5–10^6 workers) and require soil moisture, whereas drywood termites can colonize isolated wood. In natural ecosystems they recycle nutrients, but in built heritage they become invasive pests. Historic buildings are especially vulnerable: early conservators note that “historic buildings and structures are particularly vulnerable to subterranean termite damage, given the traditional use of wood as a building material”[3]. Termite attack is often irreversible and can severely compromise structural integrity[3]. This review examines termite ecology and behavior, surveys documented cases of termite damage to cultural monuments, and analyzes the unique situation in Itchan Qala (Khiva, Uzbekistan) in comparison with other heritage sites worldwide (e.g. Angkor Wat, Fatehpur Sikri, Luxor). We assess damage patterns, environmental factors, and mitigation measures, drawing on recent scientific and conservation literature.
ONTOLOGY: EXPLORING THE NATURE OF BEING FROM CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY TO CONTEMPORARY THOUGHT
Ontology, as one of the oldest and most profound branches of philosophy, investigates the nature, structure, and meaning of existence. It seeks to answer fundamental questions such as: what does it mean to be? what kinds of entities truly exist? how do consciousness and matter interact within the framework of reality? These questions have guided philosophical thought for more than two millennia, from the metaphysical insights of Plato and Aristotle to the existential interpretations of Heidegger, Sartre, and contemporary philosophers. This paper examines ontology as both a historical and conceptual discipline, highlighting how the philosophical understanding of being has evolved alongside the development of science, culture, and human cognition. Ancient thinkers viewed being as a reflection of cosmic order and universal harmony. Medieval philosophy tied it to divine creation and theological explanation. In contrast, modern thought redefined being through human reason, experience, and existence itself, turning the inquiry inward toward the human condition. The study also explores the interdisciplinary dimension of ontology, emphasizing its connections with physics, cognitive science, and artificial intelligence. The emergence of digital realities and virtual identities challenges classical metaphysical frameworks, requiring philosophy to rethink the boundaries of real existence. By combining historical-philosophical analysis with a modern interpretive approach, this research aims to demonstrate that ontology is not a static field but a living process of understanding the evolving essence of being. Ultimately, the article concludes that ontology remains the foundation of all philosophical inquiry; it is through the study of being that humanity discovers not only what exists, but also the meaning, purpose, and direction of existence itself in a constantly transforming world.
Umarova Farida Saidikromovna,Xolmaxmatova Ruxshona Ilxomjonovna
THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY: EXPLORING CIVILIZATION AND CULTURAL DYNAMICS ACROSS TIME
The philosophy of history is a field that seeks to understand the underlying principles and meanings behind human events across time. It goes beyond mere chronology, examining not only what happened in the past but also why these events occurred and how they influenced the development of societies. Central to this inquiry is the interplay between civilization and culture, two interconnected dimensions that shape the trajectory of human progress. Civilization refers to the external, material aspects of human development, including technological innovations, political institutions, economic systems, and urban organization. It reflects the capacity of societies to organize, control, and transform their environment. In contrast, culture represents the internal, spiritual, and moral dimension of human life, encompassing values, beliefs, art, language, and shared traditions. The dynamic interaction between these two facets determines the stability, growth, and sustainability of social.
Shakarov Bobur Xusniddinovich,Akbaraliyeva Zilola Abror qizi, Maripxonova Kohinur Rashid qizi
Shakarov Bobur Xusniddinovich,Muxamedova Yorqinoy Xayrulla qizi, Kimsanova Shaxnozaxon Muzaffarjon qizi
THE ROLE OF HEMODYNAMICS IN PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Hemodynamics, the study of blood flow and the forces governing circulation, is a fundamental aspect of cardiovascular physiology. Pathological alterations in hemodynamic parameters, such as cardiac output, vascular resistance, and blood viscosity, play a central role in the onset and progression of various cardiovascular and systemic disorders. Understanding these changes is critical for predicting disease outcomes, planning therapeutic interventions, and preventing organ dysfunction. This study integrates bio-physical modeling and statistical analyses of clinical data to examine hemodynamic changes in pathological conditions, including heart failure, arterial hypertension, septic and hypovolemic shock, and microcirculatory impairments. According to WHO and global cardiovascular statistics, heart failure affects over 64 million people worldwide, with 15–20% of patients exhibiting severe hemodynamic instability at the time of diagnosis. Similarly, arterial hypertension, present in more than 1.3 billion adults globally, significantly alters vascular compliance and peripheral resistance, resulting in measurable deviations in blood flow dynamics. Bio-physical principles such as Poiseuille’s law, Laplace’s law, and Bernoulli’s principle were applied to quantify the relationship between altered hemodynamic forces and pathological outcomes. Statistical analyses demonstrated significant correlations between elevated peripheral resistance and decreased tissue perfusion, as well as between increased blood viscosity and risk of microvascular complications. The results highlight that disruptions in normal hemodynamic patterns not only exacerbate tissue hypoxia and organ dysfunction but also accelerate disease progression. Integrating bio-physical assessment with clinical monitoring allows for early detection of pathological deviations, optimization of therapeutic strategies, and reduction of morbidity and mortality. This paper underscores the essential role of hemodynamic evaluation in understanding, predicting, and managing cardiovascular pathologies, emphasizing its potential as a quantitative and predictive tool in modern clinical practice.
Sattorov Yorqin Karimvich, Islomova Sharifaxon Barotjon qizi
TYPES OF BONDS AND THEIR DIFFERENTIATION
Knowledge and differentiation of types of bonds is an important topic related to the financial awareness and literacy of the population in the country. This article provides the reader with information about what a bond is, the different types of bonds, and their characteristic features.
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF VENTRICULAR AND SUPRAVENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS IN HYPOTHYROIDISM
Hypothyroidism, a state of thyroid hormone deficiency, is known to affect cardiovascular function through multiple mechanisms, including alterations in cardiac electrophysiology, myocardial contractility, and autonomic regulation. While bradyarrhythmias are more commonly associated with hypothyroidism, both ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias may also occur due to metabolic and structural myocardial changes. This review aims to summarize the pathophysiological mechanisms, electrocardiographic characteristics, and clinical implications of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias in hypothyroid patients, emphasizing their diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF SPIRITUALITY: THE MORAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY
The philosophy of spirituality represents a fundamental dimension of human existence that transcends material and utilitarian values. This study explores the interrelation between spirituality and the moral development of society, emphasizing how ethical consciousness, cultural values, and collective self-awareness shape social progress. Through analytical and comparative methods, the paper examines spiritual evolution as a determinant of civilization’s stability and humanistic growth.
Shakarov Bobur Xusniddinovich, Salieva Dinora Murat kizi
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF EVALUATION SCALES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION IN ISCHEMIC STROKE
A stroke is the main factor in the development of cognitive impairment. Cognitive dysfunctions are one of the earliest manifestations of nervous system dysfunction. In clinical practice, it is customary to use various psychophysiological tests and their combinations. The article describes the results of using the MMSE and MoCA scales. The study included 53 patients (23 womenand 30 men) aged 55 to 75 years.
DETERMINATION OF THE AMOUNT OF CERTAIN REPRESENTATIVES OF FLAVONOIDS IN SAFFARAN AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN FOLK MEDICINE.
Saffron is a valuable plant that has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of many diseases since ancient times. Saffron contains carbohydrates, proteins, water, caratinoids, flavonoids, vitamins and inorganic substances. In this study, we determined the amount of some representatives of flavonoids in the extract prepared from saffron stigmas using the method of high-performance liquid chromatography.
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL FEATURES OF THE VARIATIVE APPROACH IN DEVELOPING DIALOGIC SPEECH IN NATIVE LANGUAGE LESSONS
This article explores the psychological and pedagogical aspects of implementing the variative approach to develop dialogic speech in primary school native language lessons. The variative approach involves organizing the learning process in multiple formats, tailored to students’ individual abilities, interests, and cognitive needs. It emphasizes student-centered education, active participation, and communicative competence development. The study highlights how applying variative methods, such as interactive exercises, pair and group discussions, and problem-solving tasks, fosters critical thinking, confidence, and collaborative skills among learners. Findings suggest that the variative approach creates a flexible and supportive learning environment that enhances students’ dialogic speech, encourages independent expression, and strengthens social and communicative skills in classroom settings.
FROM THE SUBJECT “ ZOOLOGY OF ARCHITECTS ” THEORETICAL , LABORATORY TRAINING INTEGRATED IN CASE ORGANIZATION REACH AND TRANSFER METHODOLOGY
This article provides methods used in theoretical and laboratory classes in teaching the subject "Vertebrate Zoology" in higher educational institutions. It also highlights methods for the effective use of practical and demonstration materials in zoology lessons. Organizing laboratory exercises in biology lessons The biology curriculum includes laboratory exercises to consolidate the knowledge acquired by students and develop biological, practical, and academic skills through their application in practice.
INFORMATION ON THE BIOLOGY OF ESSENTIAL OIL PLANTS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE
2500 species of flowering plants distributed on Earth contain essential oils. Essential oils protect plants from various diseases and pests, as well as serve to prevent plant tissues from rotting and to restore them when damaged. In addition, information is provided that from ancient times to the present day, people have been using the leaves, fruits and seeds of various spices and essential oil plants to give food a delicious taste and pleasant aroma.
RETINAL MICROCIRCULATION DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSIVE DISEASE: A MORPHOMETRIC APPROACH
This study aimed to investigate the morphometric parameters of retinal vessels in patients with hypertensive retinopathy. A total of 60 patients who were referred to the Bukhara Branch of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center for Eye Microsurgery were included in the study. The patients underwent a comprehensive examination using visual acuity testing, tonometry, A-scan ultrasonography, biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The results showed that most patients exhibited arteriolar narrowing, venular dilation, arteriovenous ratio disruption, as well as signs of vasospasm and sclerotic changes in the vessel walls. Changes in the optic nerve head and the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) were manifested as mild optic disc cupping and thinning of the RNFL in the superior and inferior quadrants. Morphometric parameters of the retinal vessels were significantly correlated with the severity and duration of hypertension (p < 0.05). Morphometric analysis of retinal vessels using fundus photography and OCT is a reliable and objective method for assessing microcirculatory alterations in hypertensive retinopathy. These methods can be utilized for early diagnosis, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.
Yuldasheva N.M., Boboeva R. R., Rakhmatova M. R.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL EXPRESSION OF CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE IN RELATION TO AGE: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
The aim of this study was to investigate age-related features of the immunohistochemical expression of structural proteins in the cardiac muscle of white outbred rats. The experiment was conducted on two age groups: 2-month-old and 4-month-old animals. The left ventricular myocardium was analyzed using histological and immunohistochemical methods with antibodies against troponin I, α-actin, and desmin. A quantitative assessment of immunopositive cardiomyocytes and staining intensity was performed. The results showed a significant age-dependent increase in the expression of troponin I, α-actin, and desmin, accompanied by enlargement of cardiomyocytes, dense organization of myofibrils, and enhanced myocardial vascularization. It was found that 4-month-old rats exhibit a more mature morphofunctional organization of the cardiac muscle compared to 2-month-old animals. These findings indicate a regular age-related differentiation of cardiomyocytes and can be used for evaluating postnatal myocardial development and modeling pathological conditions of the heart.
CLIMATE-INDUCED MECHANISMS OF VARIABILITY IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF YERSINIA PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS
This paper explores the multifactorial relationship between global climate change and the epidemiological behavior of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, the causative agent of pseudotuberculosis — a zoonotic infection transmitted primarily through contaminated food, water, or animal contact. The analysis focuses on how climatic factors such as increasing global temperatures, fluctuations in humidity, changes in precipitation, and the frequency of extreme weather events influence the ecological niches and survival mechanisms of the pathogen. The study emphasizes that these environmental alterations reshape the natural reservoirs and transmission pathways of Y. pseudotuberculosis, ultimately affecting its spread among human populations. Special consideration is given to the climatic and ecological conditions of Uzbekistan, where shifts in temperature and sanitation practices may facilitate bacterial persistence and seasonal outbreaks. The paper highlights the importance of integrating climate-adaptive epidemiological surveillance and preventive strategies to mitigate climate-driven infection risks.
IMPROVING THE PROFESSIONAL SELF-AWARENESS AND SELF-ASSESSMENT COMPETENCIES OF FUTURE EDUCATORS
This article explores the role of self-awareness and self-assessment competencies in the professional development of future educators. It analyzes the psychological foundations of self-improvement, reflection, motivation, and metacognitive skills in pedagogical practice. The study also highlights the barriers to professional growth and proposes solutions, emphasizing the importance of innovative methods and psychodiagnostic tools.
INTERSTRUCTURAL CONFLICT: THE GAP BETWEEN “UZBEK EXPRESSION” AND “ENGLISH NORM”
This article discusses the theoretical foundations of structural discrepancies that emerge in the process of learning English through the medium of Uzbek. The gap between “Uzbek expression” and the “English norm” is analyzed within the frameworks of interference, contrastive linguistics, and pragmatic differences. Highlighting these discrepancies from a theoretical perspective creates opportunities to design effective methodological approaches in language education.
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL TOURISM
This section examines the development of regional tourism through the lens of international experience, focusing on the approaches used in developed European countries such as the United Kingdom, Spain, France, and Italy. It highlights the role of state regulation, organizational structures, and strategic planning in promoting tourism at national and regional levels. The paper analyzes Italy’s strategic planning methodology, including the categorization of actions by economic effectiveness and implementation speed, and the operational tools employed to ensure coordination among stakeholders. Key strategic directions include culture and heritage management, competitiveness and employment, tourist-centered approaches, and integration and coordination among tourism operators. Based on the Italian experience, practical recommendations are proposed for Uzbekistan, emphasizing the development of a national tourism strategic plan, regional autonomy, branding, and tourist-centered strategies. The proposed measures aim to enhance regional tourism attractiveness, increase foreign tourist arrivals, and stimulate socio-economic development in Uzbekistan’s regions.
THE AESTHETIC APPROACH TO STUDENTS’ EDUCATION THROUGH THE DEPICTION OF MOUNTAIN LANDSCAPES
This article discusses the role of the fine arts in fostering aesthetic education, focusing on the development of essential qualities such as aesthetic perception, pleasure, feelings, taste, judgment, evaluation, and creativity. Particular attention is paid to the depiction of mountain landscapes and the importance of mastering linear and aerial perspective principles. The process of drawing natural scenes enables students to develop artistic observation, a sense of harmony, and a deeper appreciation for the beauty of nature.
B.K. Muminov, Qurbonova Mohinur Furqat kizi
PHYSICAL MECHANISMS OF VISION AND HEARING RECEPTORS
This research paper explores the physical mechanisms of vision and hearing receptors, emphasizing the bioelectrical, photochemical, and mechanical transduction processes that underlie human sensory perception. The study was conducted at the Department of Biophysics, Tashkent State Medical University, with the participation of ten students under the supervision of academic staff. The experimental stage involved measuring and analyzing the functional responses of visual and auditory receptors to controlled light and sound stimuli.The human visual system operates through phototransduction, where photons of light are absorbed by photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the retina, initiating a cascade of biochemical reactions that convert light energy into electrical signals. These signals are processed through the optic nerve and visual cortex to form perception. The physical basis of this process includes quantum absorption of photons, rhodopsin conformational change, and the generation of a receptor potential that reflects the sensitivity of the retina to varying light intensities. Similarly, the auditory system functions through mechanotransduction — the conversion of mechanical sound vibrations into electrical impulses within the cochlea. Hair cells located in the organ of Corti bend in response to sound-induced movement of the basilar membrane, opening ion channels that produce an electrical potential proportional to the sound amplitude and frequency. The study analyzed the frequency–response characteristics of hair cells and observed age-dependent variations in receptor sensitivity. The results revealed that both vision and hearing receptors share a fundamental bioelectrical mechanism — transformation of physical energy (light or sound) into neural signals. However, their sensitivity, adaptation speed, and threshold levels differ depending on structural specialization and environmental conditions. The research also identified a correlation between receptor fatigue and prolonged stimulus exposure, suggesting that energy conversion efficiency decreases with receptor overstimulation. Based on the findings, we propose an integrative bio-physical model describing how photonic and acoustic stimuli are converted into action potentials, highlighting their shared quantum-mechanical and ion-channel dynamics. These insights are of practical significance for the development of bioengineering devices, such as visual prostheses and cochlear implants, that replicate natural sensory transduction mechanisms.
Qurbonov Jamshid Muyiddinovich,Ataullayeva Malika Husniddin qizi
BIOMECHANICS OF SKIN: AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN YOUNG’S MODULUS
This study investigates the age-related variations in the Young’s modulus of human skin tissue, providing a quantitative assessment of how biomechanical properties change with aging. The research was conducted at the Department of Biophysics, Tashkent State Medical University, in collaboration with 10 medical students under the supervision of senior academic staff. The experimental stage involved the use of non-invasive elastometric and ultrasound-based measurements to determine skin elasticity in participants of different age groups ranging from 18 to 70 years. Results revealed a gradual decrease in the Young’s modulus with increasing age, indicating a significant loss of dermal collagen density and structural organization. The study confirmed that skin stiffness and elasticity are directly correlated with the structural integrity of connective tissue fibers, hydration levels, and metabolic activity within the dermal matrix. From a biophysical standpoint, the decline in the Young’s modulus reflects molecular degradation of elastin and collagen cross-linking, which are essential for maintaining tissue elasticity. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanobiology of skin aging, offering potential diagnostic and therapeutic insights for dermatology, geriatrics, and regenerative medicine.
Sattorov Yorqin Karimovich,Ahmadjonova Jahonzoda Xurshid qizi
THE ROLE OF INTERACTIVE LABORATORY SESSIONS IN DEVELOPING EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY SKILLS IN STUDENTS
Interactive laboratory sessions have become an essential component of modern biology education, promoting hands-on learning and critical thinking. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of interactive laboratory exercises on the development of experimental biology skills in secondary school students aged 15–17 years. Sixty students were randomly assigned to either an experimental group, participating in interactive laboratory sessions for 8 weeks, or a control group, following traditional laboratory practices. Experimental skills, including observation, hypothesis formulation, experimental design, measurement accuracy, data analysis, and result interpretation, were assessed before and after the intervention using a standardized rubric. Results showed significant improvements in all assessed domains for the experimental group compared to the control group (p < 0.01). These findings indicate that interactive laboratories effectively enhance students’ experimental skills, foster engagement, and support active learning in biology education.
INTERCULTURAL MISCOMMUNICATION IN LANGUAGE LEARNING: PEDAGOGICAL SOLUTIONS AND STRATEGIES
This article examines the causes of intercultural miscommunication in language learning, its impact on educational effectiveness, and pedagogical strategies to address it. Language learning involves not only linguistic competence but also cultural understanding. Misunderstandings may arise due to pragmatic, semantic, or nonverbal differences. The paper recommends fostering intercultural awareness, teaching pragmatic competence, using authentic materials, and applying reflective practices to minimize miscommunication.
MONITORING OF WATER RESOURCES OF THE AYDAR-ARNASOY WATER SYSTEM
This article studies the reservoir, water volume, water mineralization, and monitoring of the Aydar-Arnasoy lake system in 2004-2022. As a result of the monitoring, a decrease in water level and an increase in salinity were identified, and preventive measures were proposed.
Ravshanova Adolat Ravshan kizi,Gafurova Gulnoza Valijon kizi,Abduganieva Guljahon Sayfiddin kizi
G.ARBOREUM L. FIBER YIELD INDICATORS OF CULTURED DIPLOID SAMPLES
It is known that the sedge plant is cultivated as a fiber-yielding plant. In order to obtain more raw materials, varieties with high fiber yield should be cultivated. There are also sedge species with wool-like fiber, and it is important to study their fiber properties. This article presents the study of fiber yield indicators of diploid specimens with wool properties in the sedge collection and the selection of noteworthy specimens.
MENTAL HEALTH CHALLENGES AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND INTERVENTIONS
Medical students around the world face heightened mental health challenges due to academic pressure, emotional fatigue, and a highly competitive environment. These issues, if left unaddressed, can lead to burnout, impaired academic performance, and even professional dropout. This paper explores the underlying causes of psychological distress among medical students, its long-term consequences, and institutional strategies for intervention. By examining both global literature and regional case studies, the article highlights the critical need for comprehensive mental health support in medical education systems.
Hupin Singh Hayar, Abhishek Bhadwaj Lohari
SEPARATELY EDUCATION NEEDS (ATE ) BIG PRESCHOOL AGED CHILDREN'S TRAINING AND COGNITIVE ACTIVITY CONTROL TO DO ORGANIZATION TO GROW
Article big preschool children aged (5–7 years ) separately education needs ( speech) disorder, autism spectrum disorder, mental weakness, sensor (defects ) into account received without training and cognitive activity systematic control to do modern to the methods dedicated to . In 2024–2025 3 of Uzbekistan 18 in the region ( Tashkent , Samarkand , Fergana ) preschool education conducted in the institution (n=248 children , of which ATE — 58 ) research results presented Control system following components own inside takes : (1) many step by step screening ; (2) individual development trajectory ; (3) digital monitoring platform “ Cognitive Tracker ”; (4) interactive correction programs . Research As a result, ATE in children attention concentration 35%, problem solution skills 29%, literacy 41% increase in readiness Scientific news — Uzbekistan to the conditions customized “ Cognitive Tracker” mobile app and educator 4 stages for control protocol . Practical importance — inclusive In MTTs study process 48% more efficient organization to grow opportunity .
CULTIVATION OF CATALPA (CATALPA SPP.) IN THE CONDITIONS OF KARAKALPAKSTAN
This article presents information on studying the germination of Catalpa bignonioides seeds under laboratory conditions, growing seedlings in a greenhouse, and subsequently transplanting them into open ground.
Davletmuratova V.B., Daljanov D., Zaripova A., Jannazarova S.
INTEGRATING COGNITIVE PRAGMATICS AND NEUROLINGUISTICS: A MODEL OF MEANING CONSTRUCTION IN THE BRAIN
This review article explores the intersection of cognitive pragmatics and neurolinguistics by presenting a neurosemiotic model of meaning construction in the human brain. Drawing on a wide range of literature in neurolinguistics, cognitive science, and pragmatic theory, the paper examines how meaning is generated, contextualized, and interpreted through the dynamic interplay between neural systems and communicative intention. The article synthesizes findings from EEG and fMRI studies to identify the neurophysiological correlates of pragmatic inference, Theory of Mind (ToM), and cognitive context formation. Special attention is given to the hemispheric distribution of pragmatic functions, the role of predictive processing in implicature, and the neural pathways supporting discourse coherence and social cognition. The review further compares cross-linguistic perspectives, highlighting the relevance of this integrative model for bilingual communication and cultural variation. By mapping the neurocognitive processes underlying meaning construction, this article aims to contribute a comprehensive framework for future empirical and theoretical investigations at the crossroads of language, mind, and brain.
PARLIAMENTARY ACTIVITY: LEGAL MECHANISMS AND EFFECTIVENESS
This article is aimed at analyzing the legal mechanisms and effectiveness of parliamentary oversight. As an important part of the principle of separation of powers in democratic states, parliamentary oversight serves to control the activities of state bodies and protect public interests. The article examines the legal foundations of parliamentary oversight in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the methods of its implementation, and its level of effectiveness. Directions such as digitalization, improving deputies’ qualifications, and expanding public participation are proposed to improve control mechanisms.
THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACHES TO THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN COGNITION
This article analyzes the concept of human cognition, its historical and modern scientific perspectives, as well as the relationship between the cognitive process, medicine, and psychology. Human cognitive ability enables the comprehension of the external world, decision-making, and adaptation to social life through consciousness, thinking, memory, perception, and sensory activities. Cognition in human life is not limited to academic knowledge; it is closely connected with health, psychological stability, emotional regulation, and social interactions. The study shows that the cognitive process has a neurophysiological basis and is carried out through brain activity, synaptic transmission, neuroplasticity, and sensory-perceptual mechanisms. Moreover, cognition plays a significant role in medical psychology and cognitive rehabilitation practices: for instance, in dementia, aphasia, traumatic brain injuries, and other neurodegenerative diseases, cognitive dysfunction determines diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The philosophical and gnoseological analysis of cognition, as well as psychological and medical research, explain the complex mechanisms of the subject–object relationship, thinking, and emotional perception. This provides an important scientific foundation for improving human health, mental stability, and cognitive functions. Furthermore, cognition is not only an individual but also a social phenomenon, and its development is closely linked to the spiritual stability of society, social adaptation, and technological progress. The article aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of human cognition and cognitive processes through the integration of medical, psychological, and philosophical approaches.
Kurbanova Xadicha Nodirovna,Umarova Farida Saidikramovna
ORGANIZATION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL ENVIRONMENT THROUGH THE MODERNIZATION OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION BUILDINGS IN URBAN AREAS
Taking into account the rapid pace of life in the modernization of small towns, the importance of organizing the process of educating children in the buildings of preschool educational organizations, as well as the object of design as an element of a multifunctional complex, the complex includes changes in its volumetric and functional compliance. In the architectural design of a preschool educational organization, functional-planning requirements are mainly taken into account in the formation of the structure and the development of the area of the premises.
Tashmatova Khosiyat Sidykova, Yuldasheva Bahora Rustamovna
THE ROLE OF THE JADID INTELLECTUALISTS IN THE NORMALIZATION OF THE UZBEK LANGUAGE
This article examines the role of the enlightened intelligentsia of the first quarter of the 20th century in awakening the national spirit, developing national identity, taking all measures to develop the language, and drafting laws and regulations for the Uzbek language.
THE EFFECT OF VARICOCELE ON THE SEXUAL FUNCTION OF MEN
Varicocele is one of the urgent problems of modern medicine. According to various data, the prevalence of varicocele among men is 15-30%. About half of these patients suffer from male infertility. As a result of many years of research, doctors have found that in patients with long-term varicocele, the testicles become soft and decrease in size. The results of the study showed that the size of both testicles in patients with varicocele is significantly smaller than in healthy men, regardless of the severity of the disease. Scientific studies show that varicocele can reduce testosterone levels in men, and, in turn, varicocelectomy can correct this deficiency, which has been confirmed in experimental studies. Of additional interest is the question of whether varicocelectomy can be used to treat age-related hypogonadism in older men. The authors concluded that further research in this area with control groups is needed.
Soliyev Mukhammadjon Bakhtiyor ugli, Gafurov Adham Anvarovich,Bektasheva Gulbahor Maxammadisak kizi
This article provides scientific information on the role of the plant world in nature, as well as its positive impact on atmospheric air and human health, carbon dioxide absorption and oxygen production indicators
Gulomjanov Shakhriyorbek Shukhratbek ogli, Astanakulov Abduvali Saidjon Ogli
HISTORICAL URBAN SQUARES OF SAMARKAND, FORMATION AND MODERN FUNCTIONS
This article explores the historical urban squares of Samarkand, focusing on their formation and contemporary functional roles. The study analyzes the significance of these squares within the city’s structure, as well as their social, cultural, and architectural importance. Special attention is given to the adaptation and preservation of these spaces under modern urbanization. As a result, recommendations are provided for integrating historical heritage with the dynamics of contemporary urban life.
Islamоva Dilnоza Gayratоvna, Safarova Inobat Achilovna
This article is aimed at increasing the effectiveness of reforms in the development of modern tourism in Uzbekistan, identifying priorities and tasks for the rapid development of tourism, increasing its role and share in the economy.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTELLECTUAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE TEACHERS IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
The article analyzes the researches of expert scientists on the intellectual culture and its pedagogical aspects, methods of increasing the intellectual potential of graduates of higher education institutions.Terminological and lexical explanations are also given to the concept of intelligence, which is a general expression of mental ability. The need for intellectual potential today, the educational criteria recognized in prestigious higher education institutions, and in general the issues of developing the intellectual potential of future teachers are highlighted.
FAUNA AND ECOLOGY OF THE TRUE GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) OF EASTERN FERGANA
In this article, a wide scientific analysis of the fauna and ecology of true grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) distributed in the eastern Fergana region was carried out. The study was carried out in 2021-2024 in different landscape zones of the Fergana Valley, with a total of 27 species identified. Grasshopper species have been classified into ecological groups and their distribution, seasonal population dynamics, and environmental factor effects have been studied.nnotation: in this article, a wide scientific analysis of the fauna and ecology of true grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) distributed in the eastern Fergana region was carried out. The study was carried out in 2021-2024 in different landscape zones of the Fergana Valley, with a total of 27 species identified. Grasshopper species have been classified into ecological groups and their distribution, seasonal population dynamics, and environmental factor effects have been studied. The results showed that species belonging to the xerophilous, mesophilous, hygrophilous, and agrophilous groups are closely linked to the landscape conditions of the region. It has been confirmed that temperature, humidity and anthropogenic factors play an important role in annual and seasonal fluctuations in population numbers. This research provides a scientific basis for improving the monitoring system of eastern Fergana grasshoppers and measures to combat pests in agricultural ecosystems.
THE EFFECT OF ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS ON THE FAUNA OF INSECTS OF THE RIGHT GENUS (ORTHOPTERA)
This article provides an in-depth scientific analysis of the ecological, morphological, ethological, and population-level effects of anthropogenic factors on the fauna of Orthoptera insects. Orthopterans are essential components of natural ecosystems, playing significant roles in vegetation stability, food chain structure, and agricultural ecosystem productivity. Human-induced landscape alterations, chemical pollution, agricultural intensification, and urbanization exert considerable influence on species composition, population density, trophic interactions, and phenology of this insect group. The study highlights reductions, migrations, invasive behaviors, and adaptive changes within Orthoptera populations under increasing anthropogenic pressure. The results demonstrate that regulating anthropogenic impact, implementing ecological monitoring, and applying biotechnical measures are crucial for maintaining the population stability of Orthopteran insects.
CREATIVE APPROACHES TO TEACHING THE TOPIC OF "INFLAMMATION" IN THE SUBJECT OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
This article highlights the effectiveness of creative teaching methods in teaching the topic of "inflammation" in the discipline of pathological anatomy, their didactic potential, and their role in developing students' clinical reasoning. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of creative approaches, including the advantages of innovative pedagogical technologies, laboratory practices, multimedia tools, role-playing, microscopic visualizations, and problem-based learning methods, illustrated with practical examples. Criteria for assessing teaching effectiveness were developed, and recommendations for their application in the educational process were provided.