International Multidisciplinary Journal for Research & Development
International Multidisciplinary Journal for Research & Development (IMJRD) is a scholarly publication that provides a platform for academics, researchers, and professionals from various disciplines to share their innovative research and development ideas. The journal aims to promote interdisciplinary research and collaborations across different fields, including but not limited to science, engineering, technology, social sciences,history and humanities. Subject Area Covered:- Sustainable development and environmental studies, Biotechnology and biomedical engineering, Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data science, Materials science and engineering, Energy, power systems, and renewable energy sources, Economics, finance, and business management, Education and learning technologies, Health sciences and healthcare management, Social sciences, and humanities, Information technology and cybersecurity, Robotics and Automation, Agriculture and food science, Transportation and logistics, Urban planning and architecture, Psychology and behavioral sciences.
ANALYSIS OF PRINCIPLES FOR IMPROVING MEASURES TO COMBAT ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT MICROBES
Antimicrobial resistance is becoming more prevalent worldwide and is linked to higher rates of morbidity and mortality in both hospital and community settings. The emergence of superbugs and the spread of antibiotic resistance to various environmental niches have made effective control methods even more challenging. Antimicrobial resistance control and prevention strategies at the international, national, and local levels have been recommended. The main suggested strategies include bettering hand hygiene, regulating the availability of antibiotics over-the-counter, using antimicrobials sensibly, and enhancing infection prevention and control. Innovation in novel medications and vaccinations is required, as is a thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying resistance. Fighting antimicrobial resistance requires a comprehensive, cooperative regulatory strategy. Since they have prevented millions of deaths from infectious diseases, antibiotics are among the most significant discoveries of the 20th century. Due to strong selection pressure brought on by the growing use and abuse of antibiotics throughout time, microbes have evolved acquired antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to numerous medications. AMR is mostly acquired and transmitted through human-to-human contact both inside and outside of healthcare facilities. Through a variety of drug-resistance mechanisms, a vast array of interrelated healthcare and agricultural factors control the development of AMR. One of the main causes of AMR's introduction and spread has been the uncontrolled use of antibiotics in animal feed. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are becoming more commonplace globally and pose a latent pandemic threat to public health, requiring. In order to prevent a postantibiotic period from becoming more than just a 21st-century apocalyptic nightmare, coordinated cooperation inside and between numerous national and international institutions is desperately needed. The processes and contributing aspects of microbial resistance, as well as important tactics to counteract antimicrobial resistance, are highlighted in this narrative review.
Jo‘raeva Nargiza Musurmon kizi, Akmalkhon Abdurakhmanovich Tojiboev, Abduvokhid Abdirashidovich Qobulov, Muqaddas Umirzakovna Shayusupova, Komila Nurboeva Dilshod kizi, Salimova Maftuna Murod kizi, Eshboltaev Nematjon Muzaffar ugli
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ CREATIVITY THROUGH THE COURSE OF FUNDAMENTALS OF MATERIALS SCIENCE
This article discusses the issue of developing students’ creativity through the Fundamentals of Materials Science. It analyzes ways to form students’ creative thinking, independent problem-solving skills, and ability to generate new ideas by effectively using modern pedagogical technologies, interactive methods, and practical training sessions in the teaching of materials science. It also highlights the importance of laboratory work, project-based tasks, and innovative approaches in increasing students’ creative activity. This article serves to develop students’ creative potential and guide them toward innovative thinking in the process of teaching materials science.
BUILDING INTERCULTURAL SOCIAL COMPETENCE IN FUTURE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS THROUGH STRUCTURED PARENT ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMS
This article investigates how structured parent engagement programs embedded in teacher preparation curricula can serve as a powerful vehicle for developing intercultural social competence in future primary school teachers. In increasingly diverse educational settings, the capacity to work respectfully and effectively with families from varied cultural, linguistic, and socioeconomic backgrounds has emerged as a critical professional competency. The article draws on intercultural communication theory, the ecological model of teacher professional development, and empirical findings from teacher preparation programs in Europe, Asia, and Central Asia to argue that genuine parent engagement — as distinct from passive observation or procedural compliance — cultivates the interpersonal sensitivity, cultural awareness, and collaborative orientation that define intercultural social competence. A three-phase developmental model is proposed, moving from awareness to skill acquisition to integrated professional practice, with specific program components and assessment criteria for each phase. The Uzbek educational context, with its distinctive cultural traditions of community solidarity and family involvement in children's education, provides a recurring contextual reference. The article concludes that structured parent engagement programs, when designed with pedagogical intentionality, represent not merely a training exercise but a transformative dimension of teacher professional formation.
THE SOCIO-POLITICAL AND SPIRITUAL STATE OF TURKESTAN AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY: HISTORICAL CONDITIONS
This article examines the socio-political and spiritual situation in Turkestan at the beginning of the 20th century, its historical context, the Enlightenment movement, Jadidism, and the spiritual foundations of the liberation struggle against colonialism
Abdimurodov Shahboz Davron ugli, Mukhtaram Bakayevna Yakubova
DEVIANT XULQLI O‘QUVCHILAR TARBIYASIDA MAKTAB MA’NAVIY-MA’RIFIY TADBIRLARINING NAZARIY-PEDAGOGIK AHAMIYATI
This article theoretically examines the role and significance of spiritual and educational activities conducted in schools for the upbringing of students with deviant behavior. The pedagogical, psychological, and social essence of deviant behavior is analyzed, along with the factors contributing to its emergence and its impact on students’ personality development. Particular attention is paid to the educational potential of spiritual and educational activities, contemporary pedagogical approaches to their organization, and their effectiveness in the educational process. The study identifies the theoretical foundations for fostering positive social behavior, enhancing students’ moral and spiritual qualities, and preventing manifestations of deviant behavior through educational and value-oriented activities. The findings may serve as a scientific and practical resource for teachers, class supervisors, school psychologists, and researchers in the field of education.
PROSPECTS FOR PUBLIC AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL SECTOR COOPERATION IN INCREASING LEGAL LITERACY
This article analyzes the importance of cooperation between the state and non-state sectors in increasing legal literacy, as well as existing experiences and promising directions. Legal literacy determines the level of citizens' awareness of their rights and obligations and serves to ensure the rule of law in society. The article examines international experience, approaches from global scholars, and prospects for cooperation based on the existing legal framework in Uzbekistan. Recommendations, innovative approaches, and problematic aspects for increasing cooperation efficiency are also highlighted.
EVOLUTION OF PROFESSIONS IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: THREAT, ADAPTATION, AND PROGRESS
This article examines the influence of artificial intelligence on the modern labor market and the transformation of professional fields in the twenty-first century. The study analyzes how AI technologies automate routine tasks, change traditional occupations, create new career opportunities, and redefine the skills required from future specialists. Special attention is paid to adaptability, digital literacy, lifelong learning, creativity, and interdisciplinary competence as key factors for professional success in an AI-driven economy. The article also discusses the dual nature of artificial intelligence: on the one hand, it may reduce demand for certain routine and low-skilled jobs; on the other hand, it generates new professions and expands opportunities in data science, machine learning, cybersecurity, robotics, AI ethics, and human-AI interaction. The case of Amazon is used to demonstrate how AI and automation transform labor processes while simultaneously creating new technology-oriented roles. The article concludes that artificial intelligence should not be viewed only as a threat to employment, but as a catalyst for professional evolution, innovation, and long-term socio-economic development.
NATIONAL AND CULTURAL FEATURES OF ZOONYMIC PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN THE RUSSIAN AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
The present study explores the national and cultural features of zoonymic phraseological units in the Russian and Uzbek languages. The relevance of the research is determined by the growing interest in comparative phraseology, linguistic worldview, and the cultural specificity of phraseological systems. The paper analyzes phraseological units containing animal names and examines their role in representing intellectual, emotional, moral, and behavioral characteristics of individuals. Special attention is paid to identifying universal and culture-specific patterns in the figurative interpretation of animal images. The comparative analysis demonstrates that, despite the existence of common semantic models based on shared human experience, each language reflects its own cultural values, traditions, and worldview through phraseological imagery. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of linguistic and cultural interrelations and may be applied in intercultural communication, translation studies, and foreign language teaching.
MODERN STAGES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LINGUOPOETIC RESEARCH
This article examines the developmental stages of linguopoetic research in Uzbek linguistics during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. It analyzes the theoretical foundations of linguopoetics, the semantics of literary texts, individual authorial style, and the functional and aesthetic properties of poetic units, as well as the emergence of contemporary linguopoetic approaches. The study highlights the methodological evolution of linguopoetic analysis and its contribution to interpreting artistic discourse.
A DIACHRONIC ANALYSIS OF SMALL TALK AND PHATIC UNITS IN ENGLISH: BASED ON WRITTEN SOURCES
The diachronic study of small talk and phatic units in English begins with the Old English (OE) period — from approximately AD 450 to 1100. The principal written source of this period is the epic poem Beowulf,¹ composed between the 8th and 11th centuries AD and preserved in a single manuscript (Cotton Vitellius A.xv, c. 1000). As A.H. Jucker (2011)² notes, Old English greeting formulae fall into two main categories: attention-getting expressions and health-wishing formulae — both of which constitute the core of small talk.
Madaminova Sofiyanur, Hamidova Arofatkhon
MEANS OF EXPRESSION OF CONDITIONALS IN ENGLISH
Conditionals are a fundamental component of English grammar because they enable speakers and writers to express cause-and-effect relationships, possibilities, assumptions, and hypothetical situations. Means of expression of conditionals are as follows: complex sentences containing if-clause and main clause, elliptical forms, inverted forms, alternatives to if conjunctions (“unless,” “provided that,” “as long as,” and “suppose”) and so on. All means of expression of conditionals are used to describe a complex feature of conditionality in English.
IMPACT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SPENDING ON POVERTY REDUCTION
This study investigates the impact of local budget expenditures on the growth of Gross Regional Product (GRP) using an econometric modeling approach. By analyzing historical data and constructing both trend models and nonlinear empirical models, the research provides a comprehensive assessment of the relationship between public spending and regional economic performance. Key findings highlight that changes in local budget expenditures significantly influence GRP dynamics, with fourth-degree regression models offering the most accurate forecasts. The model predicts a 1.2275-fold increase in GRP in 2024 and a 2.7871-fold increase by 2028, compared to 2023 levels, based on current pricing benchmarks. These results offer valuable insights for policymakers to optimize budget allocations for sustainable regional development.
PROJECT-BASED LEARNING AND SPEAKING ANXIETY IN ADOLESCENT EFL LEARNERS
Speaking anxiety represents one of the most significant barriers to oral communication development among adolescent English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. This article examines the mechanisms through which project-based learning (PBL) reduces speaking anxiety among grades 6--7 students. Research findings indicate that PBL enhances learners' speaking confidence and reduces anxiety through collaborative project work, authentic communicative purposes, and graduated rehearsal. The supportive role of teacher facilitation and anxiety-reducing classroom environment characteristics are also discussed.
Saitkulova Nazokat Raxmonovna,Xidirova Shaxlobonu Zafarjon kizi
THE CRITICAL IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIVE WORKSHOPS ON TEFL PEDAGOGY: AN EMPIRICAL REFLECTION
This study investigates the pedagogical implications of short-term international professional development programs on English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instruction, centered on the intensive workshops conducted by "Pinnacle Teaching Solutions" (PTS) from May 14 to May 20. By evaluating the structural shift from traditional methodologies to modern communicative paradigms, the paper explores how direct engagement with global native-speaking educators reshapes instructional delivery and lowers student anxiety. Grounded in contemporary Second Language Acquisition (SLA) literature, the findings suggest that such localized international partnerships critically advance intercultural communicative competence and facilitate reflective teaching practices among institutional faculties.
PRIORITY DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF EXEMPTION FROM CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY: THEORY AND PRACTICE
In this article, the theoretical and legal foundations of the institution of exemption from criminal responsibility, which is considered an important component of the policy of liberalization of criminal law in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the current normative legal regulation and the practice of its application are comprehensively analyzed. During the research, the essence, functions and role of the institution of exemption from criminal liability in the system of criminal law were evaluated from the point of view of modern criminal policy. Also, relevant norms of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, judicial investigation practice and the experience of foreign countries were studied from a comparative legal point of view. In the study, the effectiveness of the institute was determined based on statistical data and practical examples, and existing problems were analyzed. The results showed the existence of normative uncertainties, terminological inconsistencies and some legal gaps in the application of the institution of exemption from criminal liability. On this basis, scientific-practical proposals aimed at improving the legislation, unifying judicial practice and widely introducing the principles of restorative justice were developed. The results of the research serve to develop the processes of further humanization and liberalization of criminal legislation.
EXPLORING TEXTS TO INVENT MEANING FROM EVIDENCE: A DISCOURSE-BASED APPROACH TO READING
Understanding a text is not simply a matter of interpreting words and grammar. Readers actively construct meaning by drawing on linguistic, contextual, and cultural evidence. This article explores how learners infer meaning from texts, even when they do not know the language or writing system. Drawing on principles of discourse analysis and classroom activities adapted from Thornbury (2005), the paper demonstrates how texts serve as rich sources of linguistic and cultural information. Practical activities are presented to help learners develop strategies for interpreting texts, identifying patterns, and making evidence-based inferences.
THE CONCEPT OF PATRIOTISM IN IDIOMS AND THEIR ANALYSIS
This research work provides a linguaculturological analysis of idioms and phraseological units representing the concept of patriotism in the Uzbek language. The role of the concept of "Motherland" in the people's worldview, its linguistic reflection, and the national-cultural nuances of these expressions are comprehensively highlighted. The article examines the forms of manifestation of the patriotism concept in Uzbek phraseology, their metaphorical foundations, and a comparative analysis with equivalents in foreign languages.
PSYCHOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES OF STEAM TECHNOLOGIES IN DEVELOPING ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
This article analyzes the psychological potential of STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, Mathematics) technologies in developing initiative in preschool children. The study examined the importance of the STEAM approach in developing children's independent thinking, creativity, problem-solving skills, and initiative qualities. The results showed that activities based on STEAM technologies increase children's interest in knowledge, form independent decision-making skills, and develop an active life position in them.
SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE HARMONY OF RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR VALUES IN THE SPIRITUAL MATURATION OF YOUTH
This article examines the socio-philosophical foundations of the harmony of religious and secular values in the spiritual maturation of youth. The problem is interpreted not as a mechanical combination of two separate normative systems, but as a complex cultural, ethical, educational and civilizational process in which the young person learns to connect faith, reason, conscience, freedom, responsibility, social solidarity and civic culture. The study argues that religious values form an important moral-semantic resource for kindness, honesty, compassion, respect for elders, responsibility before conscience and reverence for human dignity, while secular values provide the institutional and rational framework of law, equality, scientific thinking, tolerance, pluralism, gender justice, civic participation and personal autonomy. Their constructive synthesis prevents ideological extremism, moral relativism, cultural alienation and social fragmentation. The article reveals that the spiritual maturity of youth becomes stable only when moral ideals are supported by critical thinking, when national traditions are open to universal humanistic principles, and when education turns values into practical competences of communication, social responsibility and self-reflection. Special attention is paid to the Uzbek intellectual context, where the renewal of spirituality, enlightenment, interfaith tolerance and secular statehood has become a significant condition for strengthening social cohesion in the era of globalization and digital transformation.
THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MOTIVATION IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS AND GROUP DECISION-MAKING AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Conflict is an inevitable part of human interaction and plays an important role in shaping relationships in higher education, where students often work in groups and face conflicts arising from differences in goals, values, and perceptions. This study examines how social motivation—particularly cooperative, individualistic, and competitive orientations—affects conflict behavior and group decision-making, highlighting the importance of fostering constructive conflict management and collaborative skills among students.
THE REPRESENTATION OF STYLISTIC FEATURES IN THE UZBEK TRANSLATION OF A FAREWELL TO ARMS
This article examines the representation of stylistic features in Ibrohim Gafurov’s Uzbek translation of Ernest Hemingway’s novel A Farewell to Arms. The study aims to identify stylistic shifts occurring during the translation process and to characterize the translator’s individual style through the analysis of these shifts. Drawing upon Pekkanen’s (2010) theoretical framework, the research focuses primarily on two major categories of translational modification: expansion and contraction shifts. The findings reveal that additions, replacements, and deletions employed by the translator significantly influence the stylistic structure of the target text. Furthermore, the study highlights the translator’s role as a mediator between the source and target cultures and explores the strategies used to adapt Hemingway’s literary style for Uzbek readers. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of translator style, literary translation, and the impact of translational shifts on the recreation of literary texts across languages and cultures.
FROM PERSONAL RESPONSE TO REASONED ARGUMENT: SCAFFOLDING CRITICAL THINKING IN COMMUNICATIVE WRITING
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) has long privileged fluency, interaction, and the negotiation of meaning, yet it has been criticised for paying insufficient attention to the higher-order reasoning that academic and professional contexts increasingly demand. This article argues that the writing classroom is a particularly fertile site for cultivating critical thinking within a communicative framework, provided that instruction deliberately moves learners along a continuum that begins with personal response and culminates in reasoned argument. Drawing on sociocultural theory, models of the writing process, and research on second language argumentation, the article proposes a staged, scaffolded pedagogy in which teacher support is gradually withdrawn as learners internalise the dispositions and skills of critical writing. It outlines concrete instructional strategies—structured questioning, source engagement, claim–evidence–reasoning frameworks, counterargument, peer review, and reflective revision—and considers issues of feedback, assessment, and the local educational context. The discussion suggests that critical thinking and communicative competence are complementary rather than competing goals, and that scaffolding offers a principled means of integrating them.
CODE-MIXING IN UZBEK-ENGLISH BILINGUAL COMMUNICATION
This study investigates the phenomenon of code-mixing in Uzbek-English bilingual communication among young speakers in Uzbekistan. The research focuses on identifying the structural patterns and communicative functions of English lexical insertions in Uzbek discourse, particularly in digital and informal communication contexts. A qualitative sociolinguistic approach was employed, and data were collected from social media interactions, online messaging, and everyday conversations of 40 bilingual participants. The findings reveal that insertional code-mixing is the most common pattern, especially in the use of technological, academic, and internet-related vocabulary. The study also demonstrates that code-mixing serves important social functions such as identity expression, prestige, communicative convenience, and representation of modernity. Furthermore, the research highlights the significant role of social media in promoting bilingual language practices among young Uzbek speakers. The study contributes to sociolinguistic and bilingualism research by providing insights into the growing influence of English on contemporary Uzbek communication.
MODERN APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL KNOWLEDGE AND THE INTEGRATION OF PEDAGOGICAL COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
This article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of modern approaches to the development of pedagogical knowledge and the integration of pedagogical communication technologies. The purpose of the study is to identify innovative mechanisms for developing pedagogical knowledge within the framework of the contemporary educational paradigm and to substantiate the role of pedagogical communication technologies in this process. The research employed methods such as scientific literature analysis, comparative pedagogical analysis, a systems approach, pedagogical modeling, and synthesis. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of competency-based, activity-based, learner-centered, and digital approaches in developing pedagogical knowledge. The integration of pedagogical communication technologies with these approaches contributes to the development of teachers’ professional competence and enhances the quality and effectiveness of education. The study concludes that communicative technologies should be more widely implemented within teacher education systems.
CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMIC PATTERNS IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are a leading cause of congenital pathology in children and are a major cause of infant and early childhood morbidity and mortality. In recent decades, advances in cardiac surgery and intensive care have significantly increased the survival rate of children with CHDs, leading to an increase in the number of patients with chronic disease and varying degrees of severity. Current research shows that the severity of CHDs is determined not only by the anatomical defect but also by the degree of hemodynamic impairment, the severity of hypoxemia, and the impact of the defect on systemic and cerebral perfusion. Cyanotic forms of CHD, accompanied by chronic hypoxia, are particularly unfavorable, negatively impacting the development of organs and systems, including the central nervous system.
Tairova Sakina Bakhodirovna,Khalilova Aziza Bobirovna,Khimmatkulova Nafisa Rahmon kizi
PHILOSOPHICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF DEVELOPING MEDIA LITERACY
The article analyses the philosophical and methodological foundations of developing media literacy. Media literacy is regarded not as a technical skill but as a philosophical phenomenon that shapes a person’s capacity to know, evaluate and act responsibly; its epistemological, axiological and ethical dimensions are revealed.
EFFICIENCY OF DRIP IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY FOR MAIZE CULTIVATION
This article investigates the efficiency of drip irrigation technology for maize cultivation under the meadow-serozem soil conditions of Buka District, Tashkent Region, Uzbekistan. A comparative analysis of drip irrigation and conventional furrow irrigation methods was conducted. The study evaluated maize phenological development, biometric characteristics, irrigation regimes, irrigation water use efficiency, and yield performance.The research results demonstrated that the seasonal irrigation requirement under drip irrigation was 4,125.5 m³/ha, providing a water saving of 17.4% compared with traditional furrow irrigation. In addition, the actual maize yield reached 135 centners per hectare (13.5 t/ha), which was 42.1% higher than that of the control treatment. The findings confirmed that drip irrigation technology improves plant growth and development, enhances the rational use of water resources, and ensures higher crop productivity.The obtained results can serve as a scientific basis for improving maize cultivation technologies on irrigated lands of the Chirchik–Ohangaron Valley and for promoting the wider adoption of water-saving irrigation practices in regions with limited water resources.
FORMATION OF EFFECTIVE METHODS FOR USING NON-STANDARD TESTS IN IMPROVING INDEPENDENT WORK IN HIGHER EDUCATION
This article analyzes the pedagogical possibilities, methodological foundations, and effective methods of using non-standard tests to improve students' independent work in the higher education system. The study highlights the role of non-standard tests in developing students' critical thinking, independent decision-making, problem-solving, and creative approaches. Methodological mechanisms and evaluation criteria for organizing non-standard tests have also been developed. The experimental results showed that the use of non-standard tests increases the effectiveness of independent learning.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN COMPETITIVENESS
This article examines the history of artificial intelligence, its development, its impact on industrial and social spheres, ways to achieve efficiency, and its significance for competitiveness.
THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Globalization has emerged as one of the most influential forces shaping economic, social, political, and cultural developments across the world. For developing countries, globalization presents both unprecedented opportunities and significant challenges. The integration of national economies into global markets has facilitated increased trade, foreign direct investment, technological transfer, and access to international knowledge networks. At the same time, globalization has intensified economic competition, widened income inequalities, and exposed vulnerable economies to external shocks. This article examines the multidimensional impact of globalization on developing countries by analyzing its effects on economic growth, employment, technological advancement, social transformation, and sustainable development. The study highlights the need for effective governance and policy frameworks that enable developing nations to maximize the benefits of globalization while mitigating its adverse consequences.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MOBILE APPLICATIONS FOR HEARING ASSESSMENT: ACCURACY AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES
The widespread use of smartphones creates new opportunities for hearing impairment screening outside clinical settings. However, the accuracy and reliability of mobile audiometry applications vary considerably, limiting their clinical applicability.
LITERARY DISCOURSE AND THE COMMUNICATIVE FOUNDATIONS OF CONNOTATION IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK TEXTS
This article investigates the notion of literary discourse and the communicative-pragmatic foundations of connotation in English and Uzbek literary texts. Distinguishing text from discourse along eight parameters, it draws on Harris, van Dijk, Ricoeur, Bakhtin, Barthes, Todorov, Lotman and Foucault among foreign scholars and on Safarov and Mahmudov among Uzbek scholars to argue that literary discourse is not merely a sequence of sentences but a socio-communicative process in which the author's knowledge, attitude, worldview and intention to influence the reader are encoded. Within this framework connotation is shown to be one of the principal mechanisms by which the literary text exerts its aesthetic and communicative effect. Building on Jakobson's six-component model of communication and on the encoding–decoding theory of Hall, the study demonstrates that connotative meaning is transmitted only when author and reader share at least a partly common code, and that the decoding of connotative units depends on the reader's cultural and contextual knowledge. The four traditional discourse types narrative, description, exposition and argument are shown to operate not in pure form but in synthesis, with metaphor and connotation functioning as the semantic mechanism that unites them.
FEATURES OF COAGULATION HEMOSTASIS DISORDERS IN PREGNANT WOMEN: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CURRENT CONCEPTS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Disorders of the hemostasis system in pregnant women represent a complex problem of modern perinatology. Physiological adaptive changes in coagulation often mask the development of severe pathologies, which complicates timely diagnosis.
THE COLLECTION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC NEGATIVES OF THE SAMARKAND STATE MUSEUM-RESERVE AS A HISTORICAL SOURCE AND AN OBJECT OF MUSEALIZATION
This article examines the collection of photographic negatives preserved in the Samarkand State Museum-Reserve as an independent body of visual historical sources. Based on the museum’s inventory records of photographic negatives, the study analyzes their thematic composition, source value, and potential for use in researching the history of Samarkand and Uzbekistan. Particular attention is paid to photographic negatives depicting traditional urban architecture, architectural monuments, museum exhibitions, theatrical culture, the education system, Soviet everyday life, political culture, and historical memory. The article also addresses the musealization of photographic negatives, including their registration, attribution, conservation, cataloguing, digitization, exhibition, and integration into scholarly circulation. Furthermore, contemporary approaches to the use of photographic negatives from the Samarkand Museum-Reserve in online publications, exhibition projects, and digitization initiatives are considered.
RARE GENETIC DISEASES: CHALLENGES IN DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Rare genetic diseases constitute a diverse group of inherited disorders that collectively affect millions of individuals worldwide. Although each disease is uncommon, their combined burden presents significant clinical, social, and economic challenges. Most rare genetic disorders originate from mutations affecting genes, chromosomes, or other components of the human genome and frequently manifest during infancy or childhood. Due to their low prevalence and clinical heterogeneity, diagnosis is often delayed, resulting in prolonged uncertainty for patients and families. Recent advances in molecular genetics, genomic sequencing, and personalized medicine have improved diagnostic accuracy and expanded therapeutic possibilities. Nevertheless, many rare genetic diseases remain without effective treatment. This article examines the challenges associated with diagnosing and managing rare genetic diseases and explores emerging scientific innovations that may transform future patient care.
Murodillayeva Ruxshona Jasurbek kizi,Iskandarova Bahora Bektosh kizi, Ergasheva Fotima Anvar kizi, Tirkashev Adxam Uktamjonovich
USE OF ART-PEDAGOGY OPPORTUNITIES IN DEVELOPING SANOGENIC REFLECTION AMONG FUTURE SOCIAL WORKERS
The professional training of future social workers requires the development of not only professional knowledge and practical competencies but also psychological qualities that ensure effective interaction with individuals experiencing difficult life situations. One of the most important psychological mechanisms contributing to professional effectiveness is sanogenic reflection, which enables individuals to understand, analyze, and regulate emotional experiences constructively while maintaining psychological well-being. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibilities of using art-pedagogy in the development of sanogenic reflection among future social workers. The research is based on theoretical analysis, comparative analysis, systematization of scientific literature, and interpretation of pedagogical approaches related to reflective competence and creative learning. The findings indicate that art-pedagogical technologies create favorable conditions for emotional expression, self-awareness, self-analysis, empathy development, and emotional self-regulation. Various forms of artistic activity, including visual arts, creative writing, storytelling, drama-based learning, role-playing, and music-centered reflection, contribute to the formation of constructive reflective processes and psychological resilience. The study confirms that art-pedagogy facilitates the transformation of negative emotional experiences into positive personal and professional growth opportunities. Furthermore, artistic-reflective activities strengthen professional identity, increase emotional intelligence, and reduce the risk of emotional burnout among future specialists. The results demonstrate that integrating art-pedagogical methods into social work education can significantly enhance the development of sanogenic reflection and improve the overall quality of professional preparation. Therefore, art-pedagogy should be considered an effective educational resource for fostering reflective competence and supporting the holistic development of future social workers.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING CASE STUDY TECHNOLOGY IN DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS
The rapid development of digital technologies has transformed the ways individuals communicate, learn, and interact in contemporary society. As a result, digital communication skills have become an essential component of students’ academic, social, and professional competence. Educational institutions are increasingly expected to prepare students for effective participation in digital environments by developing their ability to communicate responsibly, critically, and collaboratively through various digital platforms. This study examines the effectiveness of using case study technology in developing students’ digital communication skills. The research is based on theoretical analysis, comparative evaluation, and interpretation of pedagogical approaches related to digital communication and active learning technologies. The findings indicate that case study technology creates favorable conditions for improving students’ communication competence, critical thinking, problem-solving abilities, and collaborative interaction in digital environments. Through the analysis of real-life and simulated situations, students develop the capacity to evaluate information critically, communicate effectively through digital channels, and make informed decisions in various communication contexts. The study concludes that case study technology represents an effective pedagogical tool for enhancing students’ digital communication skills and promoting their readiness for successful participation in the digital society.
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TOOLS IN DEVELOPING ACADEMIC WRITING SKILLS IN EFL EDUCATION
This article examines the opportunities and challenges of using artificial intelligence (AI) tools in developing academic writing skills. In particular, the study focuses on the role of platforms such as ChatGPT, Grammarly, and QuillBot in improving students’ written communication, academic text quality, grammatical and stylistic accuracy, and critical thinking skills. The research analyzes scholarly sources related to the implementation of AI technologies in teaching English as a foreign language in higher education institutions and proposes practical methodological approaches. Furthermore, issues related to academic integrity, plagiarism, and the decline of students’ independent thinking are discussed. The findings indicate that the rational and supervised use of AI technologies can significantly enhance the quality of academic writing.
Khasanov O‘tkir Ismoiljon ugli,Aliyeva Dildora Sherqo‘ziyevna
ORGANIZATION OF SELECTION TEST AND COMPLEX EVALUATION OF PROMISING RADISH (RAPHANUS SATIVUS) VARIETIES
In order to increase the assortment of radishes in our country and create radish varieties with high quality indicators, primary sources were tested. As a result of studying the morphological and economic characteristics of the variety samples, the following varieties of radish were selected for selection work: Lola, Ertapishar, local, foreign F1 Celesta, F1 Tinto, F1 Bodiam, F1 Vienna, F1 Sora hybrid varieties, Amethyst and Felitsia varieties for creating purple radish varieties, and white Ertapishar varieties for promising varieties.
Aramov Muzaffar Khoshimovich,Qayumov Muslimbek Yuldoshevich
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION IN THE ISLAMIC FINANCIAL SYSTEM: TRENDS AND PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT
The rapid advancement of digital technologies is transforming the global financial sector, creating new opportunities for innovation and efficiency in Islamic finance. The integration of digital solutions such as financial technologies (FinTech), blockchain, artificial intelligence, big data, and digital payment systems is contributing to the modernization and expansion of the Islamic financial system. This article examines the main trends in the integration of digital technologies into Islamic finance and analyzes their impact on financial inclusion, operational efficiency, transparency, and Shariah compliance. Particular attention is given to the opportunities and challenges associated with digital transformation, including cybersecurity risks, regulatory issues, and technological adaptation. The study also explores future development prospects and highlights the importance of fostering innovation while maintaining the fundamental principles of Islamic finance.
A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE MEANS OF EXPRESSING SYNTACTIC RELATIONS IN MODERN UZBEK: MORPHOLOGICAL, LEXICAL-GRAMMATICAL, POSITIONAL, AND INTONATIONAL ASPECTS
This article examines the means of expressing syntactic relations in the Modern Uzbek language. Particular attention is paid to the grammatical and functional mechanisms that establish syntactic connections between words and sentence constituents. The study analyzes the role of word forms, including possessive, case, and personal affixes, as well as function words such as postpositions, conjunctions, and copulas in the formation of syntactic structures. Furthermore, the article discusses the significance of word order and intonation as positional and communicative means of expressing syntactic relations. The research demonstrates that syntactic relations in Uzbek are primarily conveyed through morphological markers, while word order and intonation perform supplementary functions in certain contexts. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the structural and functional characteristics of Uzbek syntax and provide a theoretical basis for further comparative and typological studies.
TECHNOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF MIXING DEVICES IN CHEMICAL AND FOOD INDUSTRY
This article analyzes the technological significance of mixing devices used in chemical and food industry, their impact on product quality, trends in the development of modern mixing technologies. Physical-chemical fundamentals of mixing process, energy efficiency, automated control systems and innovative solutions in industry were studied on the basis of scientific sources. The results of the study show that the use of modern mixing equipment is an important factor in reducing production time, improving product quality and reducing energy consumption.
Erkinov A. K.,Jobborova M. A.,Rajabova S. R.
SEMANTIC FEATURES OF POLYSEMY IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH
Abstract. This scientific article analyzes the semantic features of polysemy in the Uzbek and English languages ​​in a comparative manner. It is highlighted that the polysemy of linguistic units occupies an important place in the lexical system of both languages ​​and is one of the main factors in the development of meaning. It also examines the reasons for the formation of polysemic units, their semantic development paths and functional significance in speech, and the similarities and differences in meaning transfer using the example of some polysemic words in the Uzbek and English languages.
FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS SOLUTION METHODS AND SECOND ORDERLY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND MECHANICAL ANALYZING MODELS​
This scientific in the article first orderly and second orderly differential of equations analytical and geometric solution methods systematic accordingly is studied and their mechanic models analysis in doing importance is illuminated . First order equations for variables separation , one sexed , striped and complete differential equations methods in detail statement The second​ orderly linear differential equations permanent with coefficient and variable with coefficient cases for Mechanical​​ models as spring-loaded pendulum , compulsory vibrations and dissipative systems analysis Article​​ results differential equations theory engineering and physicist in modeling practical importance shows .
FORMATION AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE POULTRY INDUSTRY IN THE UZBEK SSR
This article analyzes the formation and historical development of the poultry industry in the Uzbek SSR. The study examines the stages of the industry's establishment, the process of industrialization, state policies, and the specific features of development under a planned economy. It also explores the modernization of poultry farming, the establishment of research institutions, the introduction of pedigree poultry breeds, and the construction of large-scale poultry farms. Furthermore, the article evaluates the significance of the poultry industry in supplying the population with food products and its role in the economy of the republic.
LINGUOCULTURAL AND LEXICAL-SEMANTIC FEATURES OF HISTORICAL NICKNAMES IN THE SOURCES OF THE KOKAND KHANATE
Nicknames, as ancient and historical anthroponymic units, exist among all peoples. Therefore, in world linguistics, including Russian linguistics, the characteristic features of nicknames have been examined in the works of A.M. Selishev, V.K. Chichagov, G.V. Tropin, V.A. Gordlevsky, and N.A. Rodina.
KARDARI’S “NAHJ AL-FARADIS”: ITS MANUSCRIPTS AND IDEOLOGICAL-ARTISTIC FEATURES
This article examines “Nahj al-Faradis”, one of the most significant monuments of fourteenth-century Turkic literature, Islamic thought, and Sufi tradition. The study analyzes the work’s historical, religious, moral, and literary features, highlighting its importance as a source for the study of Old Uzbek language and medieval Turkic culture. The findings demonstrate that “Nahj al-Faradis” combines historical authenticity with artistic expression and moral instruction, making it a valuable source for the study of Turkic literary heritage, Islamic education, and Sufi ethics. The article underscores the necessity of further textual research, critical editions, and broader scholarly engagement with this unique work.
NAFS AS A LITERARY-AESTHETIC CATEGORY IN THE NOVEL BYGONE DAYS
This article examines textual variants across editions of Abdulla Qodiriy's novel “Bygone Days”. Nafs, a philosophical-religious category, occupies a distinct place in the human sciences. The word nafs appears in earlier printings of the novel but was altered in later editions, with consequences for its lexical meaning. Drawing on textual examples, the article analyzes the semantic layers of nafs, its function in the novel, and its scope. Nafs is read here as a literary-aesthetic category within the work.
NARRATIVE TIME AND MEMORY IN SHERWOOD ANDERSON’S WINESBURG, OHIO
This study examines the representation of narrative time and memory in Sherwood Anderson’s Winesburg, Ohio. The research aims to identify how memory, retrospection, and subjective perceptions of time contribute to the psychological portrayal of characters. A qualitative narratological approach was employed, drawing on theories of narrative time and modernist fiction. The analysis demonstrates that Anderson abandons strict chronological narration in favor of fragmented temporal structures shaped by memory and consciousness. The findings reveal that memory functions both as a thematic concern and as a structural principle that determines characterization and narrative development. The study contributes to research on American modernism and psychological fiction by highlighting Anderson’s innovative treatment of time and memory.
THE INFLUENCE OF QABUSNAMA ON UZBEK DIDACTIC LITERATURE
This article examines the ideological and artistic influence of Qabusnama, one of the most prominent works of Eastern didactic literature, on Uzbek classical and moral-didactic literary traditions. The study analyzes the ethical and philosophical views presented in the work, including the concept of the ideal human being, as well as its ideas on education, enlightenment, and moral upbringing. It also explores the continuity and development of these ideas within Uzbek literary traditions through a comparative approach. Furthermore, the article evaluates the contemporary relevance of this didactic masterpiece and assesses its educational and moral significance from a scholarly perspective.
NUQSONI BO‘LGAN O‘QUVCHILARGA TIL O‘RGATISHDA TIFLOPEDAGOGLARGA METODIK TAVSIYALAR
Mazkur maqolada ko‘rishida nuqsoni bo‘lgan o‘quvchilarga til o‘rgatish jarayonida tiflopedagoglarning faoliyatini takomillashtirishga qaratilgan metodik tavsiyalar yoritilgan. Tadqiqot davomida ko‘rishida nuqsoni bo‘lgan bolalarning psixologik-pedagogik xususiyatlari, til o‘rganishdagi qiyinchiliklari hamda samarali o‘qitish usullari tahlil qilindi. Shuningdek, multisensor yondashuv, kommunikativ metodlar, axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalari va Braille tizimidan foydalanishning afzalliklari ko‘rsatib berildi. Maqola natijalari tiflopedagoglar uchun amaliy ahamiyatga ega bo‘lib, til ta’limi sifatini oshirishga xizmat qiladi.
COLOR SYMBOLISM AND PHILOSOPHICAL INTERPRETATION IN THE WORKS OF KAMOLIDDIN BEHZOD.
Abstract: This research is dedicated to analyzing the artistic-philosophical and semiotic essence of the color system within the creative legacy of the great master of Eastern miniature art, Kamoliddin Behzod. In Behzod’s miniatures, color is explored not merely as a decorative tool enhancing the image, but as a complex symbolic system reflecting the human inner world, divine light, and the philosophical content of existence. The study scientifically substantiates the artist's mastery in using mineral pigments (lapis lazuli, gold, cinnabar, herbal green), their symbolic meanings, and their role in establishing compositional balance. The paper examines the mechanisms of revealing human character and the moral-ethical layers of events through color rhythm and the play of light and shadow in Behzod’s miniatures for Saadi Shirazi’s "Bustan". Furthermore, the author analyzes the philosophy of color in miniature art in connection with medieval Sufi worldview and Eastern aesthetics. According to the research findings, Kamoliddin Behzod transformed color into a "living" and "philosophical" medium, elevating miniature art from mere book ornamentation to the level of high-art philosophical contemplation. This work is intended for researchers of miniature art history, art theory, and cultural studies, as well as for students and art enthusiasts.
ADVANTAGES OF USING ONLINE LEARNING TOOLS IN PRIMARY EDUCATION
This article examines the theoretical foundations, pedagogical opportunities, and practical significance of using online learning tools in primary education. The study analyzes the possibilities of increasing students’ learning activity, developing independent learning skills, ensuring an individualized approach, and improving educational quality through the integration of digital technologies into the educational process. The impact of electronic textbooks, video lessons, educational platforms, and interactive resources on the development of primary school students is analyzed based on scientific sources. The results indicate that purposeful and systematic use of online learning tools is one of the key factors in improving the effectiveness of primary education.
Dilfuza O'ralovna Meliyeva , Isomova Ismigul Ikrom kizi
DEVELOPMENT OF CRITICAL THINKING IN STUDENTS IN THE PROCESS OF PRIMARY EDUCATION
This article discusses the theoretical foundations, pedagogical conditions, effective methods and practical significance of developing critical thinking in students in the process of primary education. The results of the study show that the development of critical thinking increases students' independent thinking, problem-solving and decision-making competencies.
Yuldosheva Maftuna Chori kizi,Jumayeva Zokhida Muhammadjonovna
WAYS TO REDUCE PROCRASTINATION BY INCREASING MOTIVATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS
This scientific article analyzes the problem of procrastination among higher education students and the role of motivation in reducing it. It also examines the psychological and social factors of procrastination, especially the impact of internal and external motivation. By increasing motivation in students’ activities, it reveals the possibilities of effective time management, goal setting, and the formation of a positive attitude towards the educational process.
MODERNIZATION OF THE MECHANISM OF TAXING THE INCOME OF POPULATION AND BUSINESS IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Under current conditions, the necessity of exempting a certain portion of income from taxation in order to ensure the essential living needs of the population is widely recognized. One of the first studies in this field in Uzbekistan was conducted by economist O. Abdurakhmonov in 2003, and although more than twenty years have passed since then, this issue remains relevant today [1]. The scholar interprets non-taxable income not merely as a tax benefit, but as a financial expression of the human right to live. In his view, a person's right to maintain a normal standard of living and satisfy basic material and spiritual needs is guaranteed by legislation and therefore should be taken into account in tax policy. Ignoring this principle may lead to further impoverishment of low-income groups and reduce their economic activity.
QUALITATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS OF DOUBLE NONLINEAR PARABOLIC SYSTEM WITH SOURCE
This paper investigates a doubly nonlinear parabolic system of equations used to model heat conduction, filtration processes, nonlinear diffusion, and biological population dynamics. The study focuses on the existence and qualitative properties of weak solutions, as well as localization phenomena and the formation of nonstationary dissipative structures. The obtained results contribute to the understanding of nonlinear processes in heterogeneous media and the development of methods for analyzing degenerate parabolic systems.
ONOMASTIC SPACE IN LITERARY DISCOURSE: COGNITIVE, CULTURAL AND LINGUOPOETIC DIMENSIONS
This article examines the concept of the onomastic scope of a literary text from a linguopoetic perspective. Modern onomastic studies have expanded beyond the traditional investigation of the origin and classification of proper names to encompass their functional, cognitive, cultural, and aesthetic dimensions. Within literary discourse, onomastic units perform not only nominative functions but also contribute to textual coherence, characterization, symbolic representation, intertextuality, and the realization of the author’s artistic intention. The study aims to determine the structural composition, functional organization, and linguo-poetic significance of the onomastic scope in literary texts. The research employs descriptive, structural-semantic, and linguo-poetic methods to analyze various categories of proper names occurring in Uzbek literary works. The findings demonstrate that the onomastic scope constitutes an integrated functional-semantic system in which anthroponyms, toponyms, mythonyms, zoonyms, and other onomastic units interact to create artistic meaning. The study also proposes a classification model for analyzing the onomastic scope of literary texts and highlights its role in ensuring textual integrity, cultural representation, and aesthetic expressiveness. The results confirm the importance of examining literary onomastics as a distinct field situated at the intersection of linguistics, literary studies, and cultural semiotics.
NATIONAL LANGUAGE POLICY AND THE PROBLEMS Of MOTHER-TONGUE EDUCATION IN INDEPENDENT UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the main directions of the national language policy implemented in the Republic of Uzbekistan during the years of independence, the reforms aimed at strengthening the status of the state language in social life, and the current challenges of mother-tongue education. In particular, it highlights issues related to enhancing the prestige of the Uzbek language as the state language and improving the quality and effectiveness of mother-tongue instruction within the education system. The article also puts forward recommendations and proposals for further improving national language policy and increasing the effectiveness of mother-tongue education.
SOME REFLECTIONS ON TERMINOLOGY FORMATION IN THE LANGUAGE POLICY OF INDEPENDENT UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the formation, stages of development, and the role of terminology within the national language system in the context of the language policy implemented during the еars of independent Uzbekistan. The study examines the issues of creating new terms, adopting foreign terminology, and nationalizing terms in the process of strengthening the status of the state language. It also considers the legal and regulatory foundations of terminology, mechanisms for regulating terminology, and the problems encountered in practice.
BRIEF ANALYSIS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOTA IN ENSURING HUMAN HEALTH AND THE OCCURRENCE OF DISEASES
The term "microbiome" typically refers to the population of different microorganisms that reside on the skin or inside the bodies of humans and animals. Trillions of commensals, symbiotics, and even harmful microbes make up this intricate ecology. The main factors affecting the composition and vitality of the microbiome include diet, lifestyle, and the external environment. The microbiome has a huge impact on both health and illness, according to recent research. They are dynamic in terms of quantity, composition, diversity, and viability. Since its discovery, several studies have emphasized the importance of microbiota in health and disorders. Microbiota can be categorized as gut, oral, respiratory, and skin microbiota based on the localized areas. In symbiosis with the host, the microbial populations provide immunological regulation and homeostasis. However, dysbiosis of the microbiota can result in dysregulation of physiological processes and illnesses such as cancer, respiratory disorders, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), etc. Numerous health issues are caused, developed, and treated by all of these factors. Microbiota can have a direct or indirect impact on serious conditions like cancer, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and even psychological disorders like schizophrenia. The present understanding of the relationship between microbiota and host health or disease is covered in this review. First, we provide an overview of the research on the gut-brain axis, colonization resistance, and immunological regulation of microbiota under healthy conditions. Next, we discuss the pathophysiology of microbiota dysbiosis in the onset and course of disease, which is mainly linked to dysregulation of community composition, host immune response modulation, and chronic inflammation induction. Lastly, we present therapeutic methods including fecal microbial transplantation and microbiota manipulation that use microbiota to treat diseases.
PROMISING RESULTS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON THE CENTRALIZATION OF KINETIC DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY ANALYSES IN FAMILY CLINICS
Numerous improvements have been developed in recent years with the goal of enhancing primary care diagnostic procedures. There is little data on how those who are directly involved in those procedures—patients, general practitioners, and medical experts like radiologists—perceive innovation in the primary care diagnostic process. End-user perspectives are essential to ensuring that activities aimed at improving the diagnostic process are successful. As a result, end users investigated possibilities and paths for the primary care diagnostic process with the help of change laboratory methodology, which uses conflicts and divergent perspectives as a source of motivation and education. Opportunities and directions were investigated in two study groups with nine and ten participants, respectively, who had four change lab sessions over the course of four months. The participants included patients, general practitioners, and medical experts. The Cultural-Historical Activity Theory served as the theoretical foundation for the analysis. This theory offers fresh perspectives for thinking, learning, and acting from and with one another by illuminating the various healthcare systems in which individuals find themselves and related conflicts and contradictions. Together with the participants, we identified conflicts and inconsistencies that exist both within and between various activity systems that are pertinent to primary care diagnostic procedures. Examples of these conflicts include those that may occur when more and quicker diagnostics are available in primary care or when cooperating parties have different motivations and interests in innovations. Participants have developed innovative directions and opportunities for the primary care diagnostic process by identifying these conflicts and inconsistencies. In addition to identifying specific artificial intelligence imaging techniques as promising to enhance the diagnostic process for acute complaints at the point-of-care, end users recognized a need for improved interchange and/or access to test results performed in hospitals to general practitioners. We developed criteria to be taken into consideration for recognizing successful innovation initiatives by exploring these paths and potential for improving and advancing the diagnostic procedure.By talking about conflicts and inconsistencies between systems, new factors for the diagnostic process's successful invention were found, and standards were developed that raise the possibility of producing innovative initiatives that show promise.
Orifjon Abdumalikovich Aripov,Ilkhom Nazarovich Toshev,Mukhammad Sodiq Maqsud o'g'li Khojimurod
ISSUES OF TRANSFORMATION OF THE COGNITIVE SPHERE IN A PERSON
The article explores the issues of transforming the cognitive and emotional spheres of a person through a neuroaesthetic approach. The neurobiological foundations of art and aesthetic perception, their impact on personality development at different age periods (childhood, adulthood, old age) are analyzed. The purpose of the study is to reveal the mechanisms of optimizing cognitive processes through aesthetic experience.
STABILITY OF A COMPOSITE LOAD-BEARING CYLINDER UNDER TORSION CONSIDERING THE EFFECT OF TENSILE FORCES
This article presents a theoretical analysis of the stability of a composite load-bearing cylinder subjected to torsion while taking into account the effect of tensile forces acting in both the axial and circumferential directions. The analysis is based on the ring forces occurring in a cylindrical shell. In solving this problem, a coordinate system was employed in which the deflection function was assumed to represent the helical wave pattern that develops after the loss of stability. For a clearer understanding of the results, numerical data are presented and discussed.
AI-ASSISTED REFLECTIVE LEARNING AND COGNITIVE-CULTURAL MAPPING IN EFL PHRASEOLOGICAL COMPETENCE DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM UZBEKISTANI HIGHER EDUCATION
Abstract. This article presents a multi-component instructional model for developing phraseological competence in EFL philology students, combining two innovations: (1) a cognitive-cultural comparative mapping framework contrasting English and Uzbek phraseological units across five conceptual domains (JOURNEY, ANIMAL, WAR, BODY, FOOD), and (2) an AI-assisted reflective learning platform (idioms-academy.uz) implementing the Self-check — Context-check — Meaning-check (SCM) metacognitive monitoring sequence. The study was conducted at Uzbekistan State World Languages University and partner institutions, involving 370 philology students in a quasi-experimental design. The AI-assisted experimental group demonstrated a statistically significant performance advantage over the control group (experimental mean: 3.80 vs. control mean: 3.39; chi-square empirical: 14.55, critical: 7.81; efficiency coefficient: 1.12). Qualitative analysis of learner reflective journals and platform usage logs revealed that the combination of cognitive-cultural mapping and AI-mediated reflective feedback fostered deeper semantic processing, enhanced cross-linguistic metalinguistic awareness, and reduced L1-induced pragmatic transfer errors. The article discusses theoretical implications for cognitive approaches to phraseological pedagogy and practical implications for technology-enhanced language instruction in Central Asian EFL contexts.
PHRASEOLOGICAL COMPETENCE DIAGNOSTIC INDICATORS (FCDI): A COGNITIVE APPROACH TO ASSESSING EFL LEARNERS' PHRASEOLOGICAL PROFICIENCY
Abstract. Despite growing scholarly interest in phraseological competence within EFL contexts, a standardized diagnostic framework for assessing learners' phraseological proficiency has remained largely absent in applied linguistics literature. This article introduces the Phraseological Competence Diagnostic Indicators (FCDI) system — a comprehensive, criterion-referenced assessment framework developed and empirically validated within the Uzbekistani higher education context. Drawing on a cognitive linguistic theoretical base, the FCDI integrates four measurable dimensions: semantic accuracy, pragmatic appropriateness, contextual precision, and stylistic sensitivity. The framework was tested with 370 philology students across multiple higher education institutions in Uzbekistan. Experimental results yielded a mean score of 3.80 for the experimental group compared to 3.39 for the control group (chi-square empirical value: 14.55; critical threshold: 7.81), with an efficiency coefficient of 1.12. These findings demonstrate the FCDI system's validity and applicability as both a diagnostic and pedagogical instrument for enhancing phraseological instruction in EFL settings.