International Multidisciplinary Journal for Research & Development
International Multidisciplinary Journal for Research & Development (IMJRD) is a scholarly publication that provides a platform for academics, researchers, and professionals from various disciplines to share their innovative research and development ideas. The journal aims to promote interdisciplinary research and collaborations across different fields, including but not limited to science, engineering, technology, social sciences,history and humanities. Subject Area Covered:- Sustainable development and environmental studies, Biotechnology and biomedical engineering, Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data science, Materials science and engineering, Energy, power systems, and renewable energy sources, Economics, finance, and business management, Education and learning technologies, Health sciences and healthcare management, Social sciences, and humanities, Information technology and cybersecurity, Robotics and Automation, Agriculture and food science, Transportation and logistics, Urban planning and architecture, Psychology and behavioral sciences.
HISTORY AND STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE OLD CITY OF SAMARKAND
This article provides a scholarly analysis of the formation of the Old City of Samarkand, its historical stages of development, and the evolution of its urban planning structure across different historical periods. The research is based on a comparative study of archaeological evidence, historical written sources, and the results of contemporary urban studies. The development dynamics of Samarkand are examined from the ancient Afrasiyab period through the Timurid era and subsequent stages. The findings of the study serve as an important scientific basis for understanding the present-day cultural and landscape identity of the Old City of Samarkand.
Norkulov Aziz Bakhtiyorzoda, Sh.M. Abduraimov
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Artificial Intelligence Driven Consumer Experience Transformation: Conversational Systems, Hyper-Personalization, and Ethical Governance in Digital Commerce
The rapid diffusion of artificial intelligence across digital commerce ecosystems has fundamentally reconfigured how organizations conceptualize, design, and govern consumer experience. No longer limited to automation or operational efficiency, contemporary AI systems increasingly function as experiential infrastructures that mediate perception, decision-making, trust, and value co-creation between firms and consumers. This article develops a comprehensive, theory-driven examination of AI-enabled consumer experience transformation, with particular emphasis on conversational artificial intelligence, personalization engines, and voice-based interaction systems. Drawing strictly on the provided body of literature, the study situates recent developments within broader historical trajectories of relationship marketing, database-driven personalization, and machine learning–based decision systems. Special analytical attention is devoted to the evolving role of generative and transformation-based AI architectures in shaping adaptive, context-aware, and emotionally resonant consumer journeys. The article advances three core arguments. First, AI-driven consumer experience must be understood as a socio-technical phenomenon rather than a purely technological one, requiring integration of cognitive psychology, service-dominant logic, and human–computer interaction theory. Second, hyper-personalization enabled by generative AI represents a qualitative shift from rule-based customization toward probabilistic, continuously learning experience orchestration, as extensively documented in recent empirical and conceptual research (Upadhyay, 2025). Third, the expansion of AI-mediated experience intensifies ethical, privacy, and bias-related risks, necessitating governance frameworks that reconcile personalization benefits with normative principles of fairness, transparency, and consumer autonomy. Methodologically, the study adopts an integrative qualitative research design combining structured literature synthesis, comparative theoretical analysis, and interpretive abstraction. Rather than producing empirical metrics, the article generates descriptive and analytical insights grounded in peer-reviewed studies, industry research, and scholarly surveys. The findings articulate key patterns in AI-enabled consumer experience outcomes, including perceived relevance, trust calibration, emotional engagement, and long-term loyalty formation. The discussion critically evaluates competing scholarly perspectives, identifies unresolved tensions in current research, and outlines future directions for theory development and applied investigation. By offering a maximally elaborated, publication-ready contribution, this article aims to serve as a foundational reference for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers engaged in the design and governance of AI-driven consumer experience systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samuel T. Bradford https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Algorithmic Governance of Healthcare Data Privacy: Operationalizing HIPAA and GDPR Compliance Through Cloud-Native Auditability and Cryptographic Enforcement
The digital transformation of healthcare has fundamentally altered how sensitive medical information is generated, stored, processed, and exchanged across institutional, geographic, and technological boundaries. This transformation has intensified long-standing ethical and legal imperatives surrounding confidentiality, integrity, and availability of health data, particularly under regulatory frameworks such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and the General Data Protection Regulation. While both regimes were originally articulated in an era when health information systems were largely monolithic and institutionally bounded, contemporary healthcare ecosystems are increasingly defined by distributed cloud platforms, Internet of Things devices, artificial intelligence pipelines, and blockchain-mediated record infrastructures. This shift has produced a regulatory-technical gap in which formal legal requirements struggle to map coherently onto the dynamic, automated, and data-driven architectures that now dominate clinical and administrative workflows. Recent scholarship has therefore proposed the idea of encoding regulatory requirements directly into computational infrastructures so that compliance is no longer an ex post auditing activity but an intrinsic property of the system itself. In this context, the emergence of HIPAA-as-Code within cloud-native machine learning pipelines represents a pivotal conceptual and practical advance, as demonstrated in the operationalization of automated audit trails within AWS SageMaker environments that formalize HIPAA compliance as executable policy logic rather than interpretive legal text (European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research, 2025). This article develops a comprehensive theoretical and empirical analysis of how algorithmic governance mechanisms can transform healthcare data protection from a reactive compliance regime into a proactive, self-enforcing regulatory architecture. Drawing on foundational privacy principles articulated in early HIPAA debates and extending through contemporary cryptographic, blockchain, and big data governance frameworks, the study situates HIPAA-as-Code within a broader movement toward computational law and machine-readable regulation. By synthesizing historical legal theory, modern information security research, and emerging cloud governance practices, the article demonstrates that algorithmic enforcement of privacy rules not only enhances regulatory fidelity but also mitigates the epistemic and operational uncertainties that have historically undermined healthcare data integrity. Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative, theory-driven comparative analysis that integrates regulatory texts, technical architectures, and scholarly debates to produce a multidimensional understanding of compliance automation. The results reveal that automated auditability, cryptographically enforced access control, and real-time compliance verification fundamentally reshape the balance of power between regulators, healthcare providers, and patients by embedding accountability directly into data flows. The discussion further explores the ethical, legal, and socio-technical implications of this transformation, including the risks of over-automation, the persistence of algorithmic bias, and the challenge of aligning machine-executable rules with evolving normative expectations. Ultimately, the article argues that the future of healthcare data governance will be defined not by the proliferation of new laws but by the sophistication with which existing legal principles are translated into enforceable computational infrastructures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Isaac V. Montague https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Algorithmic Intelligence in Cyber-Resilient Solar and DevOps-Integrated Software Infrastructures: A Cross-Domain Framework for Sustainable Predictive Maintenance and Secure Automation
The accelerating convergence of artificial intelligence, cloud-native software engineering, and cyber-physical energy infrastructures has generated a new epistemic and operational landscape in which algorithmic decision-making, predictive analytics, and automated orchestration increasingly determine the reliability, sustainability, and security of modern socio-technical systems. Within this evolving paradigm, AI-driven DevOps practices have emerged as a critical enabler of continuous deployment, real-time system observability, and adaptive maintenance, as extensively reviewed by Varanasi (2025), whose analysis demonstrates how machine learning-based intelligent automation has fundamentally reshaped software deployment and maintenance strategies. At the same time, the global expansion of solar photovoltaic systems and smart grids has produced unprecedented volumes of sensor data, exposing both immense opportunities for predictive maintenance and new vulnerabilities to cyber threats, as documented in diverse strands of the energy systems and cybersecurity literature (Engel and Engel, 2022; Rahman et al., 2018; Abdelkader et al., 2024). Despite the apparent maturity of both AI-enabled DevOps and machine learning-driven photovoltaic maintenance, these two domains have largely evolved in parallel rather than in dialogue. Software engineering research has focused predominantly on optimizing deployment pipelines, reducing system downtime, and enhancing developer productivity through intelligent automation (Varanasi, 2025), while energy systems research has concentrated on fault detection, performance forecasting, and operational resilience of solar infrastructure (Ledmaoui et al., 2023; Nabti et al., 2022). Meanwhile, cybersecurity scholarship has emphasized the fragility of digitally networked power systems, highlighting how false data injection, IoT vulnerabilities, and adversarial attacks threaten the stability of smart grids (Unsal et al., 2021; Tufail et al., 2021). What remains insufficiently theorized is the systemic interaction between these three spheres: AI-driven DevOps, machine learning-based solar maintenance, and cybersecurity governance. This article develops a comprehensive, theoretically grounded, and empirically informed framework that integrates these domains into a unified model of algorithmic infrastructure management. Drawing upon Varanasi’s (2025) account of intelligent DevOps pipelines, alongside contemporary studies on photovoltaic monitoring, predictive maintenance, and cyber risk modeling (Abdallah et al., 2023; Osmani et al., 2020; Rahim et al., 2023), the study conceptualizes modern digital-physical infrastructures as adaptive, learning-driven ecosystems rather than static technical artifacts. Through a qualitative meta-analytic methodology, the article synthesizes findings across software engineering, renewable energy systems, and cybersecurity, revealing how the epistemic logic of DevOps automation can be extended to solar microgrids and smart grid governance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yusuf T. Harren https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Adaptive Risk Intelligence for Enterprise Change Advisory Boards Integrating Predictive Analytics Machine Learning and Cyber Resilience Across Insurance and Digital Infrastructures
The accelerating pace of digital transformation has fundamentally altered how large enterprises govern technological change, assess operational risk, and preserve organizational continuity. Change Advisory Boards, which historically functioned as procedural oversight bodies for approving and sequencing information system modifications, are now confronted with unprecedented volumes of heterogeneous data, complex cyber threats, and dynamically shifting business environments. This article develops a comprehensive theoretical and methodological framework for embedding predictive risk scoring driven by artificial intelligence into Change Advisory Board decision making, with a particular emphasis on the insurance and digitally mediated financial ecosystem. The study is anchored in recent advances in data driven modeling, scalable machine learning architectures, cyber threat analytics, organizational learning theory, and explainable artificial intelligence, while critically extending the predictive governance paradigm introduced by Varanasi (2025) in the context of automated Change Advisory Board decision support. Drawing upon the convergence of big data analytics in insurance, adversarial machine learning in cybersecurity, and concept drift in organizational data streams, this article argues that modern Change Advisory Boards must evolve from static approval structures into adaptive intelligence systems. Through an integrative methodological design based on cross domain literature synthesis, this research constructs a descriptive analytical model that explains how predictive risk scoring can transform change governance by quantifying technical, organizational, and cyber security risks in real time. The methodological contribution lies in a text based modeling architecture that unifies data readiness, scalable machine learning, adversarial resilience, and interpretability within a single Change Advisory Board risk governance framework. The discussion advances a deep theoretical synthesis of organizational memory, machine learning interpretability, adversarial robustness, and real time analytics. It highlights the epistemological shift from rule based governance to probabilistic, learning driven oversight, while addressing ethical, operational, and governance challenges. The article concludes that predictive risk scoring, when embedded within transparent and scalable analytical infrastructures, can redefine Change Advisory Boards as strategic engines of resilience enterprises.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Adrian Kovacs https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
METHODS TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF LOW-RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE CONDITIONS
In the context of global warming, increasing extreme temperatures, and rising demand for energy resources, reducing the energy consumption of residential buildings has become a critical task. This paper scientifically analyzes the methods to enhance the energy efficiency of low-rise residential buildings under climate change conditions. The study examines modern architectural and planning solutions, structural and engineering technologies, as well as passive and active energy efficiency measures adapted to local climatic conditions. The results of the study provide scientific and practical recommendations for applying energy-saving solutions in the design and renovation of low-rise residential buildings.
Mizrobxon Erkinovich Xikmatuloyev, D.Z. Kamalova
INTERTEXTUALITY AND SYMBOLISM IN ANGELS AND DEMONS BY DAN BROWN
In this article, we examine how these intertextual symbols are deployed in Angels and Demons. We analyze the roles of the classical elements as philosophical and ritual markers; explore the historical and organizational dimensions of the Illuminati as reimagined in the novel; and discuss how Brown’s textual and visual strategies—fueled in part by the creation of ambigrams by artist John Langdon—contribute to a layered narrative that blurs the boundary between fact and fiction. The elements of air, water, earth, fire are main elements of the novel which can be discussed in intertextual category as allusion.
ACCURACY AND DIAGNOSTIC EFFICIENCY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ALGORITHMS IN THE ANALYSIS OF DENTAL RADIOGRAPHS
This comprehensive scientific article explores the application of artificial intelligence (AI) systems in the analysis of digital radiographs, one of the most pressing and promising areas of modern dentistry. The primary objective of the study is to comparatively analyze the accuracy of algorithms based on Deep Learning and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures in detecting dental caries, periapical inflammatory processes, complex root canal anatomy, and alveolar bone resorption. The article scientifically substantiates the algorithmic precision of AI systems in minimizing diagnostic errors related to human factors, such as subjective fatigue of the physician, high workload, or limitations in visual perception. The research results indicate that AI systems demonstrate high efficiency in identifying pathological changes that may be overlooked by clinicians, especially destructive processes at an early stage. The article concludes by highlighting the role of implementing this technology in Uzbek dental practice for standardizing diagnostic quality and increasing physician productivity.
ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF MEDICAL-BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-HYGIENIC RISK FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BREAST CANCER
In recent years, there has been growing evidence that lifestyle factors, including diet, body weight and physical activity, may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. However, the influence of dietary factors on breast cancer recurrence and mortality has not been established. Recent research suggests that high intakes of unprocessed grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts and olive oils, as well as saturated fatty acids and red meat, and moderate or low intake of salt, which is a model of a healthy diet, may improve overall survival after a breast cancer diagnosis. Thus, dietary intervention in breast cancer patients can be considered an integral part of amultimodal therapeutic approach [1,2].
POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS): MODERN DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES BASED ON INDIVIDUALIZED CARE
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders among women of reproductive age, characterized by hormonal imbalance, ovulatory dysfunction, and metabolic abnormalities. This study focuses on modern diagnostic methods and individualized treatment strategies for PCOS, emphasizing a patient-centered approach to improve reproductive, metabolic, and psychological outcomes. Early diagnosis and personalized therapy, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, and fertility management, play a critical role in reducing complications and enhancing quality of life [1, 2]
IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON DENTAL PRACTICE AND INFECTION CONTROL MEASURES
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on dental practice worldwide, significantly altering clinical workflows, patient management, and infection control protocols. Due to the high risk of virus transmission through aerosols and close contact during dental procedures, dental professionals were among the most vulnerable healthcare workers. This study examines the impact of COVID-19 on dental services and highlights updated infection control measures implemented to ensure patient and practitioner safety. Enhanced use of personal protective equipment (PPE), pre-appointment screening, aerosol reduction techniques, improved ventilation systems, and strict disinfection protocols have become essential components of modern dental practice. The findings emphasize that the integration of advanced infection control strategies not only reduces the risk of cross-infection but also contributes to the long-term improvement of safety standards in dentistry. Adapting to these changes is crucial for maintaining continuity of care and building patient trust in the post-pandemic era [1, 2].
ENDOCRINE SURGERY: THYROID GLAND OPERATIONS
Thyroid surgeries play a crucial role in endocrine surgery. These procedures are effective treatments for thyroid diseases such as nodules, inflammation, and cancer. Surgical techniques and approaches for thyroid operations are continually advancing, improving patient recovery and quality of life. This article discusses the types of thyroid surgeries, their indications, and recent advancements in the field of endocrine surgery [1, 2].
Tashlanboyeva Mohirabonu Otkirbekovna, Ibrohimova Mahliyo Akmaljon kizi
This article covers the theoretical and methodological foundations of the formation of effective speech skills in students in the process of native language education. Speech culture, effective use of language tools, ways to increase logical consistency and emotional responsiveness are analyzed. A separate discussion is made about the norms of melodiousness, articulation, correct breathing and literary pronunciation. According to the study, the relationship between linguistic knowledge, speech preparation and continuous speech exercises and practice in strengthening the skill of composing an effective speech is revealed.
LIVE PERFORMANCE ETHICS: PROFESSIONALITY AND AESTHETIC CRITERIA
This article provides a scientific analysis of the ethical and aesthetic aspects of "live performance" in modern pop and vocal arts, going beyond merely technical definitions. It examines the ethical standards regarding a performer's stage behavior, dress code, and psychological interaction with the audience. The study illuminates the conflicts between lip-syncing and live performance, as well as the artist's professional responsibilities, based on K.S. Stanislavsky's system and sources from Uzbek musicology. The article is intended for vocal performance students, practitioners, and art historians.
Annakulova Sarbinaz Kojambergenovna, Aximbetova Gulbahar Qanatbayevna
THE IMPACT OF AI-SUPPORTED INSTRUCTION ON YOUNG LEARNERS’ ENGLISH SPEAKING PERFORMANCE: A QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
This study examines the impact of AI-supported instruction on young learners’ English speaking performance. Using a quasi-experimental design, 40 primary school learners (aged 7–10) participated in an eight-week intervention comparing AI-assisted speaking activities with traditional classroom instruction. The experimental group used automated pronunciation feedback, conversational AI tools, and gamified speaking tasks, while the control group followed conventional teaching methods. Pre- and post-test assessments measured pronunciation, fluency, vocabulary use, and intelligibility. Results showed significantly greater improvement in the AI group, with large effect sizes, whereas the control group demonstrated only moderate gains. Qualitative observations also indicated increased learner motivation, confidence, and engagement, along with reduced speaking anxiety. The findings suggest that AI tools, when pedagogically integrated, can effectively enhance young learners’ oral language development and support classroom instruction.
CURRENT STATE OF PROCESSING COPPER CONCENTRATES
Experience with global economic development over the past 200 years, particularly in the second half of the 20th century, has shown that for most types of raw materials, it's not a question of depletion of reserves, but rather of their qualitative transformation. For many types of raw materials (copper, lead, zinc, and iron ore), there's a correlation between the content of the useful component and the total volume of the ore mass. An arithmetic decrease in the mineral content of the ore leads to an exponential increase in the volume of ore. Therefore, humanity will continue to explore for and develop new deposits, with global expenditures already exceeding $5.1 billion annually, as long as it remains economically viable, bringing ever-larger masses of mineral ores with low concentrations of the useful component into economic circulation.
Abdirazakov Akmal Ibrahimovich,Turdiyev Farid Razzoq o'g'li
THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE ISO 22000 STANDARD IN ENSURING FOOD SAFETY
This article examines the essence and content of the international food safety management standard ISO 22000, the stages of its implementation in enterprises, and its advantages. It also analyzes the relationship between the standard and HACCP principles and its role in protecting consumer health.
Tuychiyeva Dilrabo Mamirjonvna, Rakhmonov Donyor Tavakallovich
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR DEVELOPING INDEPENDENT THINKING IN PRIMARY SCHOOL-AGE STUDENTS
This article provides a scientific-theoretical analysis of the psychological and pedagogical conditions for the formation and development of independent thinking in primary school-age students. Independent thinking is considered a crucial indicator of personal maturity. The article substantiates the role of age characteristics, forms of organizing the educational process, the teacher's pedagogical skill, and the psychological environment in its development. Effective pedagogical technologies, active teaching methods, and psychological approaches that serve to develop independent thinking at primary school age are highlighted.
LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ILLOCUTIONARY SPEECH ACTS IN HOLY BIBLE
This article analyzes the illocutionary speech acts found in the biblical texts from a pragmatic perspective. Based on the theory of speech acts, categories of speech acts such as command, promise, warning, prayer, judgment, and notification in the Bible are examined. The results of the study indicate the communicative and axiological function of speech acts in religious discourse.
THE MAIN PROBLEMS ARISING DURING THE TRANSLATION PROCESS
The article identifies the main problems arising during the translation process, their causes and ways to solve them. Inclusion of linguistic, cultural, terminological, contextual, style and technological problems and suggestions for practical use by professional translators and linguists are shown. The results demonstrate ways to raise the quality of translations and ways to improve the training in education process.
LINGUOCULTURAL ASPECTS OF SIMILES IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK PROVERBS
Proverbs represent an essential component of a nation’s linguistic and cultural heritage, reflecting collective wisdom, moral values, and social norms. One of the most expressive stylistic devices used in proverbs is simile, which enhances imagery and emotional impact through comparison. This article investigates the linguocultural aspects of similes in English and Uzbek proverbs, aiming to identify universal and culture-specific features. The study applies comparative and descriptive methods to analyze linguistic structures and cultural symbolism. The findings reveal that while similes in both languages express similar human values such as diligence, patience, and wisdom, they differ significantly in imagery due to cultural, historical, and environmental factors. The research highlights the close interconnection between language and culture and emphasizes the importance of similes as carriers of cultural meaning.
WATER TREATMENT FOR “GREEN” HYDROGEN PRODUCTION IN ALKALINE ELECTROLYZERS
This paper systematizes typical feedwater quality requirements for AWE systems and explains why the parameters of specific electrical resistance (resistivity) and electrical conductivity are interrelated quality-control indicators. The main technological solutions for producing demineralized water are reviewed, including mechanical filtration, activated carbon filtration, reverse osmosis (RO), and electrodeionization (EDI). Key operational risks are also discussed, such as channeling, increased pressure drop (ΔP), carryover of carbon fines, biofouling, and oxidative damage to RO membranes. As a practical example, an aggregated process scheme is presented for a water treatment line designed to produce demineralized (DM) water with a target quality of approximately 1 MΩ·cm or higher. Recommendations are provided for monitoring (conductivity/resistivity, SiO₂, TOC, Cl⁻, iron), filter backwash regimes, protection of RO membranes from chlorine, and reduction of factors that contribute to increased cell voltage during AWE operation.
SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION OF WATER-SAVING TECHNOLOGY: GERMAN POROUS HOSES IN SUBSOIL IRRIGATION
Given the increasing water shortage and the high share of irrigated agriculture in the Republic of Uzbekistan’s water consumption, the implementation of water-saving irrigation technologies is particularly relevant. This article presents a scientific assessment of subsurface irrigation using German-made porous polymer hoses as a promising approach to improving the efficiency of irrigation water use. This article examines the operating principle of porous hoses, their design features, and the technological solutions used in modern subsurface irrigation systems. The potential agronomic, water management, and environmental benefits of this technology are analyzed, including reduced water loss due to evaporation and surface runoff, improved root zone moisture uniformity, increased water use efficiency (WUE), and improved soil water-air balance. The paper summarizes data from domestic and international research, including the results of field experiments on the impact of various irrigation methods on water consumption and crop yields. It is shown that, with proper design and adherence to operational requirements, subsurface irrigation using porous hoses can reduce irrigation water consumption by approximately 30–70% compared to traditional surface methods while maintaining or increasing crop yields. Special attention is given to the limitations of the technology related to water quality requirements, filtration, operating pressure stability, soil conditions, and the risk of micropore clogging. The need for demonstration and applied research in Uzbekistan, taking into account the soil salinity regime and regional agro-ecological characteristics, is substantiated. The results of the study can be used by water management specialists, farmers, and students studying in relevant fields when selecting and justifying water-saving irrigation technologies.
Abdujabborov Abdulhamid A bdufattoh ugli
THE PHILOSOPHICAL DEBATE ON DETERMINISM AND FREE WILL IN MODERN PHILOSOPHY
The relationship between determinism and free will represents one of the most enduring debates in philosophy. Determinism asserts that all events, including human actions, are governed by causal laws, while free will emphasizes human autonomy and the capacity for genuine choice. Modern philosophy has revisited this debate in light of scientific developments, particularly in neuroscience and physics. This article analyzes the philosophical debate on determinism and free will in modern philosophy, examining key positions and their implications for moral responsibility. The study argues that understanding this debate is essential for addressing contemporary ethical and social issues.
MODERN APPROACHES TO THE MANAGEMENT OF HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY IN NEWBORNS
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a severe neurological condition resulting from perinatal asphyxia and remains one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental disability. Advances in neonatal intensive care have significantly improved survival; however, optimizing neurological outcomes remains a major clinical challenge. This article analyzes modern approaches to the management of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in newborns, with particular emphasis on early diagnosis, therapeutic hypothermia, neuroprotective strategies, and supportive intensive care. Current evidence indicates that timely intervention and a multidisciplinary approach can reduce brain injury severity and improve long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. Understanding contemporary treatment strategies is essential for improving prognosis and quality of life in affected infants.
CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF CHRONIC GASTRITIS INCREASE AMONG YOUTH
This scientific article provides a complex analysis of the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, and clinico-morphological characteristics of chronic gastritis among the younger generation (population aged 18 to 30), which is one of the most urgent and strategically important problems of modern medicine. The relevance of the research lies in the fact that in recent years, gastrointestinal tract pathologies among young people have not only increased in quantity but their clinical course has also become more aggressive. The article deeply explores subjective and objective factors, including improper eating stereotypes introduced as a result of globalization, the negative impact of the modern "fast-food" industry on the gastric mucosa, the chemical aggressiveness of energy drinks, and psychosomatic disorders resulting from intellectual stress. Additionally, the population distribution rate of Helicobacter pylori infection in the conditions of Uzbekistan and its impact on the health of young people are analyzed based on statistical data. At the end of the article, a set of modern preventive strategies, early diagnosis algorithms, and scientifically based recommendations for forming a healthy lifestyle are proposed.
CONDUCTIVITY AND PERMITTIVITY OF METAL-POLYMER COMPOSITES
The behaviour of conductivity σ and permittivity ε of metal-polymer composites comprising Ni particles dispersed in the phenilon was studied. It is found that the percolation-like behaviour of σ and ε, which is observed when the Ni particles are the sizes of 1-3 µm (micro-dispersed particles), gave way to another behaviour characterized by an additional contribution to σ and ε below the percolation threshold when the Ni particles are the sizes of ≤ 30 nm (nanoparticles). This peculiarity of the behaviour of σ and ε of the composites can be explained in the frame of the network hierarchy model of composites, which was proposed recently by Balberg et al.
RECONCEPTUALIZING THE PEDAGOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ALISHER NAVOI’S HERITAGE IN EDUCATING THE YOUNG GENERATION
Alisher Navoiy’s literary heritage represents one of the most valuable cultural and spiritual treasures of Uzbek and world literature. His works embody profound moral values, humanistic ideals, and philosophical reflections that remain relevant in contemporary society. This article explores the pedagogical significance of Alisher Navoiy’s creativity in educating the young generation within the framework of modern educational paradigms. Drawing upon axiological pedagogy, literary didactics, and value-oriented education, the study analyzes effective methods of integrating Navoiy’s works into the teaching–learning process. The article highlights the role of literature as a powerful educational tool for shaping students’ moral consciousness, national identity, and cultural awareness. The findings suggest that systematic and methodologically grounded teaching of Navoiy’s heritage enhances learners’ ethical development, critical thinking, and appreciation of classical literature. The study concludes that literary education grounded in national heritage plays a crucial role in fostering spiritually mature and intellectually competent individuals.
THE POLICY OF THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT ON PROTECTING CHILDREN’S HEALTH
This article provides a critical analysis of the protection of maternal and child health in Uzbekistan under conditions of Soviet colonial rule, the spread of various infectious diseases among children and their consequences, as well as the causes of their emergence. It also examines the ecological situation that developed in the region as a result of the “Aral Sea tragedy” and its devastating impact on children’s health, along with the consequences caused by the policy of cotton monoculture in the healthcare sector.
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION: METHODOLOGY FOR TEACHING CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES
This article examines methodological approaches for teaching children with disabilities within inclusive education systems. Inclusive pedagogy prioritizes equal access, individualized instruction, and social integration.
THE USE OF ACTIVE AND INTERACTIVE TEACHING METHODS IN DIFFERENTIATED PHYSICS INSTRUCTION AT TECHNICAL HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
This article discusses the methods of effective use of active and interactive methods of physics for future engineers in higher educational institutions. In addition, the importance of teaching physics in the formation of professional competencies of future engineers is revealed.
MULTIMORBIDITY AND CHRONIC DISEASE BURDEN IN AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS
Autoimmune diseases are chronic immune-mediated disorders that are frequently accompanied by multiple chronic comorbid conditions. Accumulating evidence indicates that patients with autoimmune diseases have a substantially increased risk of developing cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal, renal, and psychiatric disorders, which significantly worsen clinical outcomes and quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and clinical significance of chronic comorbidities in autoimmune diseases and to explore underlying pathogenic mechanisms. A narrative review of the literature published between 2010 and 2024 was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. The reviewed studies demonstrate that persistent systemic inflammation, immune dysregulation, shared genetic susceptibility, and long-term immunosuppressive therapy play a central role in the development of multimorbidity. The coexistence of multiple chronic conditions complicates disease management and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare utilization. Early identification of comorbidities and implementation of multidisciplinary, patient-centered management strategies are essential to improve long-term outcomes in patients with autoimmune diseases.
THE ROLE OF THE MOTHER IN A CHILD’S DEVELOPMENT DURING THE CHALLENGING PERIOD FROM AN INDEPENDENT CHILD TO A MATURE INDIVIDUAL
Regardless of whether the person responsible for a child is the mother, the father, or any other family member, it is essential to conscientiously realize that the process of upbringing should begin with oneself. In a child’s consciousness, the family environment serves as the first strong foundation that shapes their entire existence, contributes to the development of their thinking, and plays a crucial role in their growth into a highly qualified professional in a particular field. The atmosphere within the family and the surrounding environment significantly influence the child’s cognitive, emotional, and social development.
Abdusattorova Sitora Khaydarali kizi, Rizaeva Khusniya Ubaevna
PEDAGOGICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPING INDEPENDENT LEARNING SKILLS THROUGH MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES
This article provides a scientific analysis of the pedagogical and technological opportunities for developing the ability of independent knowledge acquisition through mobile technologies. It examines the integration of mobile devices into the educational process, the design of individual learning trajectories, the enhancement of cognitive engagement, and the development of self-regulated learning skills. The study highlights the importance of interactivity and flexibility within mobile learning environments in supporting lifelong education.
VIRAL INFECTIONS: COMPREHENSIVE PATHOLOGICAL, CLINICAL,AND SYSTEMIC INSIGHTS INTO COVID-19
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become one of the most impactful viral pandemics in modern medical history. Although initially described as an acute respiratory illness, COVID-19 is now recognized as a systemic disease associated with immune dysregulation, endothelial injury, and multi-organ involvement. This review provides a comprehensive scientific analysis of COVID-19, focusing on virology, pathogenesis, pathological anatomy, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, therapeutic strategies, and prevention. Particular emphasis is placed on morphological and molecular mechanisms underlying disease severity. Comparative tables are included to ensure compliance with international scientific journal standards.
METHODS OF ENDURANCE DEVELOPMENT FOR SWIMMERS
The article discusses how sports swimming uses exercises from various cyclical sports, sports games, and strength training exercises to develop endurance.
Yunusova Dildora Salokhiddinovna, Tozhiboev Muzaffar Marufovich
DIGITIZATION OF CAR WHEELS AS A MEANS FOR RELIABLE ACCOUNTING OF CAR PARTS IN «UTY» JSC
The need for digital marking of wheelsets is to improve the quality of reporting documentation and the reliability of accounting throughout the entire life cycle of the wheelset. The result can be achieved by using part identification systems (wheel sets) operating in automatic mode.
Nigai Rodion Pavlovich, Ergasheva Vasila Valijonovna
THE ONOMASTIC SPACE OF THE NOVEL: FUNCTIONS OF PROPER NAMES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE ARTISTIC WORLD
This article explores the onomastic space of the novel and examines the functions of proper names in the construction of the artistic world. Drawing on the principles of literary onomastics, the study analyses how personal names, place names, and culturally marked proper names contribute to characterisation, spatial and temporal organisation, and thematic development of fictional texts. The research is based on a functional and structural-semantic approach, combining contextual, discourse, and comparative analysis of selected novels from different literary traditions. The results demonstrate that proper names function as meaningful narrative elements rather than merely nominative units, encoding social, cultural, symbolic, and ideological information. The interaction of various types of proper names forms a unified onomastic system that enhances narrative coherence and interpretative depth. The findings confirm the importance of onomastic analysis for understanding the mechanisms of artistic world-building and highlight its relevance for contemporary literary and linguistic studies.
THE MELLIN INTEGRAL TRANSFORM AND ITS APPLICATIONS
This article is devoted to the study of the Mellin integral transform and its applications in modern mathematical analysis. The paper examines the theoretical foundations of the Mellin transform, its fundamental properties, and its relationship with other classical integral transforms. Particular attention is paid to the role of the Mellin transform in solving problems involving scale invariance, asymptotic behavior, and multiplicative convolution. The study demonstrates that the Mellin transform provides an efficient analytical framework for evaluating improper integrals, analyzing special functions, and simplifying complex mathematical expressions. In addition, the article highlights practical applications of the Mellin transform in mathematical physics, signal and image processing, algorithm analysis, and other applied fields. The results confirm that the Mellin integral transform is a versatile and powerful tool that bridges theoretical and applied mathematics, offering broad potential for further research and development.
CLINICAL COURSE AND TREATMENT APPROACHES OF RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN
Respiratory infections are among the most common illnesses in childhood and remain a major cause of morbidity and hospitalization in pediatric practice worldwide. This article examines the clinical course of respiratory infections in children and reviews current treatment approaches based on contemporary evidence. The study is based on an analysis of recent scientific literature, clinical guidelines, and epidemiological data. The findings indicate that viral pathogens account for the majority of pediatric respiratory infections, while bacterial infections are more commonly associated with severe disease and complications. Supportive care remains the cornerstone of treatment for most cases, whereas rational use of antibiotics is essential to prevent antimicrobial resistance. Preventive measures, including vaccination, hygiene practices, and improved living conditions, play a crucial role in reducing disease burden. The article emphasizes the importance of early clinical assessment, evidence-based management, and integrated prevention strategies in improving outcomes for children with respiratory infections.
Saydaliyeva Maxliyo Nemat qizi, Usmanova Elmira Mamarafikovna
WORKING ON LITERARY-THEORETICAL CONCEPTS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL READING LESSONS(USING FOLK TALES AS AN EXAMPLE)
"The article discusses the methodology of teaching literary-theoretical concepts in primary school 'Mother Tongue and Literacy' lessons, as well as approaches and methods for teaching the fairy tale genre to students during class activities."
“ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: RISK FACTORS AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE” THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHOLESTEROL, DIABETES, STRESS AND HEART DISEASE
This article analyzes the causes of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction among young people and their main risk factors. In particular, it discusses how elevated blood cholesterol levels, diabetes, chronic stress and an unhealthy lifestyle affect the development of cardiovascular diseases based on scientific sources. It also discusses the interrelationships of these factors and their role in accelerating atherosclerotic processes. The article focuses on the importance of preventing heart disease among young people, early diagnosis and preventive measures.
FORMAL AND CONTENT-BASED CLASSIFICATION OF INCOMPLETE SENTENCES IN THE UZBEK LANGUAGE
This article is devoted to the study of the classification of incomplete sentences in the Uzbek language according to formal (grammatical structure) and substantive (semantic-pragmatic) features. The article provides a general definition of incomplete sentences, analyzes their differences from complete sentences, and their relationship to the speech situation (context and situation). The main focus is on the formal and substantive classification of incomplete sentences.
STRATEGY FOR DEVELOPING THE CREATIVE COMPETENCE OF FUTURE TEACHERS IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION BASED ON FORESIGHT TECHNOLOGIES
This scientific article discusses the issues of organizing the process of developing creative competencies of future teachers based on Foresight research methods. Rapid changes in the education system require teachers not only professional knowledge, but also such competencies as foresight, innovative thinking, and flexibility. From this point of view, Foresight methods are analyzed as an effective tool for planning the educational trajectory of future teachers.
Yunusova Dildora Salokhiddinovna,Tozhiboev Muzaffar Marufovich
THE EVOLUTIONARY TRAJECTORY OF WRITING SYSTEMS: FROM PICTOGRAPHY TO MODERN GRAPHIC SYMBOLS
This article examines the historical evolution of writing systems and analyzes the distinct characteristics of its developmental stages. Starting from the earliest forms of visual communication, such as pictography, the study traces the transition toward more complex systems, including ideographic (hieroglyphic), phonographic (syllabic), and modern graphic (alphabetic) writing. By utilizing a comparative analysis, the research highlights the advantages and limitations of each stage, focusing on how human cognition and social demands necessitated the shift from visual memory to abstract linguistic symbols. The findings suggest that the development of writing is not merely a technical advancement but a fundamental process in the preservation of intellectual heritage and the globalization of education. The article concludes that modern graphic systems serve as the ultimate foundation for contemporary international cultural integration and scientific progress.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PLEA DEAL MECHANISM: A RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN UZBEKISTAN'S CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
The article analyzes the purpose and social necessity of introducing the institution of a plea agreement into the criminal process, the features of the application of this institution, explores the main provisions of the law regarding plea agreements, important aspects of the plea agreement procedure, the advantages and disadvantages of this institution. The role of the court in concluding a plea agreement, the differences between such concepts as "plea agreement", "cooperation agreement" and "abbreviated forms of litigation", as well as their essence are highlighted. In addition, the views of scientists on the appointment and main functions of the institution of admission of guilt are studied, the author's conclusions and conclusions are presented.
THE ROLE OF VITAMINS IN METABOLIC PROCESSES
This article scientifically analyzes the role of vitamins in metabolic processes in the human body. The participation of vitamins in enzyme activity, their role in energy metabolism, and their importance in maintaining cellular functions are described. In addition, the biological characteristics of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins and metabolic disorders caused by their deficiency are discussed. The significance of vitamins in maintaining human health is explained based on scientific sources.
METHODS OF IMPROVING STUDENTS' TEXT READING TECHNIQUES IN ENGLISH
This article presents some ideas on the methods of improving students' text reading techniques in English and their didactic mechanisms. The role of reading competence in language learning, types of reading, modern pedagogical technologies, interactive methods and ways of using information technologies are analyzed. Also, methods of increasing students' motivation to read and forming independent reading skills are described.
THE STRATEGIC IMPERATIVE OF ENGLISH PROFICIENCY: A CATALYST FOR SUCCESS IN THE GLOBAL ECOSYSTEM
This paper investigates the transition of the English language from a communicative tool to a fundamental strategic asset in the 21st-century global labor market. By exploring the intersection of Digital Humanities, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and sector-specific requirements in IT, medicine, and aviation, the study argues that linguistic competence is the primary driver of "human capital" appreciation. Furthermore, it examines the "Uzbekistan 2030" vision, illustrating how English proficiency serves as a bridge for technology transfer and national prestige.
Makhhamov Jakhongir, Mukhlisa Ibragimova Turdiali kizi
ZOONYMIC IDIOMS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: CHALLENGES IN TRANSLATION AND RECOGNITION
Zoonymic idioms, which include animal names within phraseological units, are deeply rooted in cultural and metaphorical thinking. In English and Uzbek, such idioms often carry figurative meanings that cannot be interpreted literally. With the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) in translation and linguistic analysis, understanding how AI systems recognize and translate these idioms is essential. This article analyzes selected zoonymic idioms in English and Uzbek and evaluates how effectively modern AI tools (e.g., Google Translate, ChatGPT, DeepL) handle them. The findings reveal challenges such as literal translation errors, loss of metaphorical meaning, and lack of cultural sensitivity. Suggestions for improving AI recognition and translation of idioms are also provided.
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR DEVELOPING VOCAL-PERFORMANCE COMPETENCE IN FUTURE MUSIC TEACHERS THROUGH CHILDREN'S SONGS
This article provides an in-depth analysis of the theoretical and methodological foundations for developing vocal-performance competence in future music teachers through the process of learning children's songs. Children's songs, with their simple melodic structure, rhythmic simplicity, and emotional richness, enable the simultaneous formation of students' vocal technique, musical hearing, intonation accuracy, emotional expressiveness, and pedagogical approach skills. The article extensively covers psychological-pedagogical theories (Vygotsky, Piaget, Gardner, and others), foreign and national experiences, as well as modern concepts of music education. The proposed approach can serve as an effective tool for improving the quality of higher music-pedagogical education.
MODERN APPROACHES TO THE PREVENTION OF SEPSIS AND SEPTIC SHOCK IN SEVERE BURNS
Severe burn injuries cause profound metabolic, immunological, and hemodynamic disturbances in the human body. Sepsis and septic shock remain among the leading causes of mortality in burn patients. This article analyzes the pathogenesis of sepsis in burn injuries, major risk factors, and modern preventive and therapeutic strategies. The importance of early diagnosis and комплекс treatment in reducing mortality is emphasized.
METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE IN STUDENTS
This article analyzes the theoretical and methodological foundations for developing students’ social intelligence through philosophy disciplines. Philosophical, psychological, and pedagogical interpretations of social intelligence are examined, and its role in personal development is substantiated. The study reveals the potential of philosophy courses in fostering communication skills, empathy, reflective thinking, and understanding social relationships. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of methodological approaches aimed at developing social intelligence in higher education.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED AND INTELLIGENT CONTROL SYSTEM FOR THE POLYVINYL CHLORIDE DRYING PROCESS
The drying process is a critical stage in polyvinyl chloride production, directly influencing product quality, energy consumption, and operational efficiency. Conventional drying systems often rely on fixed control strategies that are unable to effectively handle the nonlinear and dynamic nature of polymer drying. This study presents the development of an automated and intelligent control system for the PVC drying process aimed at improving energy efficiency and moisture uniformity. The proposed system integrates real-time process monitoring, programmable logic controller-based automation, and intelligent control techniques, including fuzzy logic and neural network-based moisture prediction. Key drying parameters such as air temperature, humidity, and airflow rate are continuously monitored and adaptively regulated. Comparative experimental analysis was conducted between conventional control and intelligent control modes under identical operating conditions. The results demonstrate that the intelligent control system significantly reduces drying time and energy consumption while maintaining stable operating conditions and achieving uniform final moisture content. The predictive capability of the neural network model enables proactive control actions, enhancing process reliability and product consistency. Overall, the findings confirm the effectiveness of intelligent control technologies in optimizing industrial PVC drying processes and supporting the implementation of smart manufacturing principles.
IMPROVING PROTECTION MECHANISMS AGAINST OWASP TOP 10 VULNERABILITIES IN WEB APPLICATIONS
Web applications play a critical role in delivering digital services across various sectors; however, their increasing complexity has made them highly vulnerable to cyberattacks. Among the most significant security threats are those identified in the OWASP Top 10, which represent the most common and impactful vulnerabilities affecting web applications. This study focuses on identifying OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities and evaluating methods for improving protection mechanisms against these risks. The research employed a combination of static and dynamic application security testing techniques, supported by manual verification, to assess the security posture of selected web applications. The effectiveness of existing protection mechanisms was analyzed, and comparative results were used to identify common weaknesses and strengths in current security implementations. The findings indicate that injection vulnerabilities, broken authentication, and security misconfigurations remain prevalent, primarily due to insufficient secure coding practices and lack of continuous security monitoring. The study demonstrates that integrating automated security testing, secure development lifecycle principles, and consistent protection mechanisms significantly reduces vulnerability exposure. The results provide practical recommendations for enhancing web application security and support the adoption of proactive strategies to mitigate OWASP Top 10 risks.
Dental calculus, commonly referred to as tartar, is a hardened deposit that forms on the teeth due to the accumulation and mineralization of dental plaque. This condition is one of the most frequent oral health problems and affects both children and adults worldwide. Dental calculus can appear above the gum line (supragingival) or below the gum line (subgingival), and it often leads to inflammation of the gums, periodontal disease, bad breath, and tooth decay if left untreated. Its formation is influenced by multiple factors, including oral hygiene habits, diet, saliva composition, genetic predisposition, and lifestyle. Regular oral hygiene practices, such as proper brushing and flossing, play a significant role in preventing the accumulation of plaque and the subsequent formation of dental calculus. However, once calculus has hardened, it cannot be removed by brushing alone and requires professional dental cleaning, such as scaling and polishing, performed by a dentist or dental hygienist. The removal of dental calculus is essential not only for maintaining oral health but also for preventing systemic health problems, as periodontal disease has been linked to cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, and other chronic diseases. Scientific studies have shown that the frequency of dental calculus increases with age, and individuals with inadequate oral hygiene are at higher risk. Diet also contributes to calculus formation; foods high in sugars and starches promote plaque accumulation, which eventually mineralizes into tartar. Moreover, tobacco use and certain medical conditions can accelerate the development of dental calculus. Preventive measures, including routine dental check-ups, professional cleanings, and patient education about oral hygiene, are crucial in controlling tartar buildup and promoting long-term dental health. In conclusion, dental calculus is a common but preventable oral health issue. Maintaining proper oral hygiene, avoiding risk factors, and seeking regular professional dental care are key strategies in preventing and managing tartar formation. Awareness of the causes and consequences of dental calculus can help individuals maintain a healthy oral environment, prevent periodontal disease, and support overall systemic health.
Asanov Isfandiyor Iskander ugli, Mahmudjonova Nigora Ravshanbekovna , Abdisamiyev Hikmatillo Ismoiljon ugli
DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF SPECIALISTS OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
The article analytically discusses various approaches to the concept of competence, types of professional pedagogical competence, its structure, and reflects the ways of professional formation of future specialists in the educational process. In addition, a scientific analysis of the problem of professional competence of specialists in educational institutions was carried out by scientists in the field.
DIFFERENTIATION AND INDIVIDUALIZATION OF EDUCATIONAL CONTENT IN PEDAGOGY
This article examines the theoretical foundations and practical significance of differentiation and individualization of educational content in pedagogy. The importance of considering students’ individual characteristics, abilities, and learning needs in the modern educational process is substantiated. The relationship between differentiated and individualized approaches and their impact on learning effectiveness are analyzed. The research results demonstrate that applying these approaches contributes to enhancing learners’ cognitive activity, independent thinking, and personal development.
THE ARTISTIC AND POETIC INTERPRETATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OF BATTLE IN MUHAMMAD SOLIH'S EPIC "SHAYBONIYNOMA" AND THE SYSTEM OF IMAGERY
This article extensively covers how battle scenes are presented in Muhammad Solih's epic poem "Shayboniynoma". The work shows that battle scenes are not limited to the depiction of war, but also serve to reveal the courage, determination, and inner experiences of the heroes. Describing the battle process, the author gives life to the events through various images and expressive expressions. Through the battle scenes, the spirit of the times, the mood of the rulers and the army, victories and defeats are clearly felt. The article analyzes the role of these images in enriching the content of the work and the impression they make on the reader. At the same time, it is emphasized that battle scenes play an important role in revealing the general idea of the epic.
НАРОДНАЯ МЕДИЦИНА И РЕФЛЕКСОТЕРАПИЯ КАК МЕТОДЫ СОХРАНЕНИЯ И ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ЗДОРОВЬЯ
Народная медицина является одной из древнейших форм медицинской помощи, возникшей задолго до формирования научной медицины. Она основывается на эмпирическом опыте, наблюдениях за природой и организмом человека, а также на культурных и духовных традициях различных народов. Несмотря на развитие высокотехнологичной медицины, интерес к народным методам лечения не утрачивает своей актуальности.
Тохтиев Жахонгирбек Бахтиерович, Эралиева Мохларойим Мухаммадали кизи, Сайдуллаева Азизахон Анвар кизи, Ботирова Гулхаё Умиджон кизи , Акрамжонова Розихон Анваржон кизи,
NEUROHUMORAL IMBALANCE AND FUNCTIONAL STATUS OF CORONARY GRAFTS IN THE POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD AFTER CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING IN PATIENTS WITH ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
Background. Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is characterized by high mortality and disability rates among cardiovascular diseases. In cases of multivessel coronary artery disease, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is an effective method of myocardial revascularization. However, persistence or recurrence of clinical symptoms in the postoperative period is not always explained by the anatomical patency of grafts. Recent studies indicate that dysfunction of the sympathoadrenal system (SAS), catecholamine secretion, and their metabolic regulation play an important role in this process.
GENEALOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES: LANGUAGE FAMILIES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
This article examines the genealogical classification of languages, highlighting their division into groups based on origin. It explores the relationships between languages, noting that related languages, sharing a common root, are united into a single language family. The main language families discussed include Indo-European, Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Caucasian, and Sino-Tibetan, with an emphasis on their distinctive features. The primary objective of the article is to demonstrate the role of genealogical classification in linguistics and to highlight the differences between language families.
Maxsudova Komilakhon Avazovna, Tadjiyeva Umida Fakhritdinovna
AUTONOMOUS AND HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR ELECTRICITY AND HEAT SUPPLY IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
The rising energy costs, climate change, and increasing loads on centralized energy networks emphasize the importance of autonomous and hybrid renewable energy systems in residential buildings. This study reviews global and local research on photovoltaic, wind, biomass, and battery-based hybrid systems for electricity supply, as well as solar air collector-based heating solutions. Results indicate that hybrid systems can significantly reduce electricity costs (LCOE $0.149–0.664/kWh) and CO₂ emissions while ensuring reliable energy supply. Solar air-based heating systems provide 300–900 kWh of thermal energy per square meter annually, maintaining indoor temperatures within 18–22°C. Although electricity supply using hybrid systems has been widely studied, autonomous heat supply requires further investigation. This review highlights the potential of combining electric underfloor heating with solar air heating to optimize energy efficiency, technical reliability, and environmental sustainability in residential buildings.
Temirova Lobar Zokirovna, Mirzayarova Sevara Ubaydullayevna, Ibragimov Umidjon Khikmatullayevich
INFLAMMATION IS A PROTECTIVE REACTION OF THE BODY
This article discusses inflammation as an important protective-adaptive reaction of the body that develops in response to harmful factors (infection, mechanical damage, chemical and physical effects). The main stages of the inflammatory process, pathophysiological mechanisms, and the role of cellular and humoral factors are analyzed. Also, the positive and negative aspects of inflammation, acute and chronic forms, and their clinical significance are considered. The article serves as a theoretical basis for medical workers and students to better understand the inflammatory process and correctly assess it.
PROBLEMS OF SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF ABDULLA ORIPOV’S POETRY
This article analyzes the syntactic structure of Abdulla Oripov’s poetry from the perspective of linguopoetics and stylistic features of poetic discourse. The study examines the theoretical foundations of poetic syntax, the relativity of sentence boundaries in poetic texts, and the aesthetic and emotional functions of syntactic units. Particular attention is paid to the use of simple and complex sentences, elliptical and incomplete constructions, syntactic parallelism, repetition, inversion, rhetorical questions, and exclamatory sentences in the poet’s works, as well as their poetic functions. The article goes beyond traditional grammatical approaches and focuses on the relationship between syntactic form and poetic meaning. It substantiates the idea that syntax in Abdulla Oripov’s poetry is not merely a grammatical structure, but an essential expressive means that reveals the poet’s individual artistic thinking. The study also highlights the significance of context, rhythm, intonation, and the factor of national mentality in the analysis of poetic syntax.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS OF MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTION STUDIED
The physicochemical processes of bishofete production, which is currently in high demand for agriculture and the cotton industry, have been studied by complex treatment of sodium chloride raw materials and dolomite ores with hydrochloric acid.
Mikhliev Oybek Avloyorovich, Akhmedova Fazilat Ulashevna, Muhiddinov Dostonjon Muzaffar ugli ,Pardaeva Nodira Nurali kizi , Khidirov Murot Hakim ugli, Abdurasulova Sugdiyona Inoyatovna