International Multidisciplinary Journal for Research & Development
International Multidisciplinary Journal for Research & Development (IMJRD) is a scholarly publication that provides a platform for academics, researchers, and professionals from various disciplines to share their innovative research and development ideas. The journal aims to promote interdisciplinary research and collaborations across different fields, including but not limited to science, engineering, technology, social sciences,history and humanities. Subject Area Covered:- Sustainable development and environmental studies, Biotechnology and biomedical engineering, Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data science, Materials science and engineering, Energy, power systems, and renewable energy sources, Economics, finance, and business management, Education and learning technologies, Health sciences and healthcare management, Social sciences, and humanities, Information technology and cybersecurity, Robotics and Automation, Agriculture and food science, Transportation and logistics, Urban planning and architecture, Psychology and behavioral sciences.
CONCEPTUAL AND AXIOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF METAPHORS IN UZBEK ECOLOGICAL DISCOURSE
This article examines the theoretical foundations of ecological metaphors within the framework of Uzbek linguistics, employing conceptual and discursive approaches. In addition to interpreting metaphor as a semantic phenomenon, the study explores its cognitive and axiological dimensions. The findings demonstrate that ecological metaphors in the Uzbek language are structured around anthropomorphic, axiological, and dramatic models, and highlight their significant role in shaping ecological consciousness.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Applying Digital Monitoring Tools and Adaptive Visualization Systems to Enable Immediate Judgments
The rapid evolution of digital ecosystems and data-intensive environments has necessitated the deployment of advanced monitoring tools and adaptive visualization systems to support immediate and accurate decision-making. This paper examines the integration of digital monitoring infrastructures with adaptive visualization frameworks as a mechanism for enabling instantaneous judgments in complex organizational settings. The study is grounded in the convergence of Industry 4.0 paradigms, real-time analytics, and intelligent visualization technologies. Digital monitoring tools facilitate continuous data acquisition and system tracking, while adaptive visualization systems translate complex datasets into intuitive, interactive formats. Together, they form a synergistic architecture that enhances situational awareness and reduces cognitive load in decision processes. Drawing upon existing literature in smart manufacturing, predictive analytics, structural assessment systems, and enterprise dashboards, this paper critically evaluates the functional capabilities and limitations of these technologies. The study emphasizes the importance of real-time dashboards and visualization platforms, such as those discussed by Gondi et al. (2026), in enabling organizations to respond promptly to dynamic operational conditions. It also explores the role of machine learning models in predictive monitoring, particularly in industrial and engineering applications, as highlighted by Mishra et al. (2021). Furthermore, the paper integrates insights from Industry 4.0 frameworks (Zhong et al., 2017) and smart manufacturing standards (Johnsson, 2021) to establish a comprehensive theoretical foundation. The findings indicate that organizations leveraging digital monitoring and adaptive visualization systems experience enhanced decision speed, improved accuracy, and increased operational efficiency. However, challenges related to system integration, data reliability, and user adaptability persist. The paper concludes by proposing a conceptual model for optimizing these systems and identifying future research directions in intelligent decision-support environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Lin Wei https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE IMPORTANCE OF MODERN EDUCATION IN PRESCHOOL
Modern education today is gaining particular attention as one of the key factors in the development of society. In the context of information technologies, globalization processes, and rapid social changes, the education system requires constant renewal, the introduction of innovative methods, and development that takes into account the needs of students. Therefore, the relevance of modern education is linked not only to increasing scientific potential but also to forming personal and professional competencies, as well as raising a generation that is competitive and socially active in society. The distinct feature of modern education is that it incorporates interactive, project-based, creative, and choice-oriented approaches, rather than relying solely on traditional methods of knowledge delivery. At the same time, the significance of education is not limited to university or school levels but is also evident throughout life in the process of continuous learning and professional development.
THE PLACE OF VOSIT SA'DULLA'S WORK IN LITERATURE
this article analyzes the place and significance of Vosit Sa'dulla's work in Uzbek literature. The national spirit, human experiences, spiritual and moral values, and the uniqueness of artistic means of expression are highlighted in the writer's poetic and prose works. Also, special attention is paid to the harmony of tradition and modernity, mastery of language and style in his work. The article scientifically and theoretically substantiates the role of Vosit Sa'dulla's works in the education of students and their place in the current literary process.
LANGUAGE POLICY AND LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN UZBEKISTAN ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE
This article analyzes the language policy pursued in Uzbekistan on the eve of independence and the current linguistic situation. It highlights the legal status of the state language at the last stage of the former Soviet period, its functional role in the life of society, and the specific aspects of the language environment formed under the influence of socio-political factors. Also, the process of recognizing the Uzbek language as the state language, the interdependence of language and national identity issues, and the relationship between linguistic consciousness and social activity are analyzed on a scientific basis.
EFFECTIVE METHODS OF DEVELOPING PHYSICAL FITNESS IN THE PROCESS OF FOOTBALL TRAINING
This article analyzes effective methods of developing physical fitness of students in the process of football training. The study studied the effect of various training methods, interactive approaches and differential training on the endurance, speed and strength indicators of students. The results showed that a comprehensive approach and individual training exercises significantly increase the physical performance of football players.
THE SCOPE OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS IN MEDICAL PRACTICE AND THE RELEVANCE OF THEIR IMPROVEMENT
There are significant ramifications for public health, treatment, and prevention when it comes to the correlation and causal role of infectious pathogens in chronic inflammatory illnesses. Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications are among the many medications that must be administered in the pharmacological treatment of combination infection and inflammatory illnesses. However, this can cause adverse effects, and therefore, dual-action drugs need to be developed. Promising candidates seem to be anti-inflammatory medications that have demonstrated antibacterial qualities. Clinical trials involving individuals with cellulitis and uncomplicated UTIs were conducted to investigate NSAIDs, specifically aceclofenac, diclofenac, and ibuprofen. Patients with UTIs experienced symptom relief when ibuprofen, a medication studied in the greatest number of studies, was administered. Furthermore, ibuprofen showed strong in vitro antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (MIC 0.625–2.5 mg/L), and generated a high survival rate in mice infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The majority of anti-inflammatory medications only have data demonstrating their antibacterial properties in vivo and in vitro. Among these, mice afflicted with Enterococcus faecium, S. aureus and Clostridium difficile showed a high survival rate when treated with auranofin. Additionally, it demonstrated a potent in vitro growth-inhibitory action against Bacillus subtilis, C. difficile, E. faecalis, E. faecium, Streptococcus agalactiae, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis and Mycobacterium TB (MIC 0.0015–5 mg/L). Aspirin has demonstrated strong to moderate in vitro action against E. coli, B. cereus, P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella choleraesuis (MIC 1.2–5 mg/L) and a good survival rate in mice infected with M. tuberculosis. Additionally, mice's MRSA load was significantly reduced when celecoxib was applied topically. But in vitro, it only had mild effects against Bacillus subitilis, S. aureus and S. epidermidis (MIC 16–64 mg/L). According to these findings, some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs) show promise as dual-action medication candidates for the possible treatment of infectious and inflammatory conditions such tuberculosis, musculoskeletal infections, and urinary tract infections. However, before these NSAIDs are used in practice, more clinical trials must be carried out to determine their bactericidal efficacy.
Iroda Takhirova Brоdarovna,Sokhib Rashidov Zamon o'g'li
NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS ACCOMPANIED BY COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS AND THE RELEVANCE OF OPTIMIZING THEIR TREATMENT
Cognitive impairments are often linked to Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative ailment. These may result directly from the underlying illness or may be brought on by outside variables in vulnerable people who have Parkinson's disease or other risk factors. The cognitive disorders include delirium, cognitive side effects of PD treatment, cognitive non-motor fluctuations, PD-associated psychosis, and PD-associated cognitive impairment (PD-CI). Since delirium frequently results from an underlying illness that may be severe and call for specialized care, an accurate diagnosis is essential. A general deterioration in memory and other cognitive abilities that is severe enough to impair a person's capacity to carry out daily tasks is referred to as dementia. It is characterized by a steady and progressive decline in cognitive function. Memory loss and a partial or substantial lack of understanding of their deficiencies are common in affected patients. The assessment and treatment of dementia are reviewed in this activity, which also emphasizes the interprofessional team's involvement in providing care for patients with this illness. It also discusses pathogenesis, risk factors, and difficulties in identifying and treating this range of cognitive illnesses. However, it is believed that delirium and Parkinson's disease (PD) have comparable clinical symptoms due to shared molecular pathways. Furthermore, delirium and PD-CI interact in both directions, leading to frequent concurrent processes that make identification even more challenging. Currently, there is no trustworthy biomarker for delirium, and clinical criteria are the main basis for diagnosis. However, there is no specific validation for PD in the screening techniques that have been validated for identifying delirium in the general population. Our review identifies current gaps in the research and discusses the difficulties in diagnosing these cognitive impairments.
Sokhib Rashidov Zamon o'g'li,Davronbek A'zamov Salim o'g'li,Zukhriddin Oʻrishboev Alisher oʻgʻli
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF PHARMACOTHERAPY IN PREVENTING SERIOUS COMPLICATIONS CAUSED BY CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
Globally, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death. Our goal was to use clinician-assessed absolute risk level to estimate the effects of CVD preventive double medication (a statin and an anti-hypertensive). For the entire population of New Zealand (NZ), a multi-state life-table model that has been proven and validated was modified. A published NZ-specific CVD risk equation was used to stratify the 60–64-year-old male population by risk in the updated model. Although a lifetime horizon was employed to measure benefits and costs, a five-year horizon was also used throughout the five-year intervention period of treatment. In all absolute risk categories, we discovered that providing double therapy was very cost-effective for this group (e.g., NZ$1580 per QALY gained in the >20% in 5 years risk stratum; 95%UI: Dominant to NZ$3990). The cost per QALY was only NZ$25,500 (NZ$28,200 and US$19,100 in 2018), even in the lowest risk stratum (≤5% risk in 5 years). Individual quality-adjusted life gains for those who accepted the screening offer and started preventive therapy varied from 0.6 to 4.9 months (or less than a month with a five-year horizon). However, at the individual level, patient considerations are crucial since some people may determine that taking daily medicine is not worth the average health advantage. According to the study's findings, over half of the participants had drug therapy issues, and 58% of them needed more medication. It has been discovered that using more than three medications increases the chance of drug therapy issues. This is an area that needs special attention and the collaboration of healthcare professionals to address because these issues are negatively impacting patients' treatment outcomes.
IMPROVEMENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE ULTRASOUND PROTOCOL FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF COMPLICATIONS OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
Infective endocarditis (IE) remains a life-threatening disease associated with high morbidity and mortality despite advances in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Early detection of complications such as valvular destruction, paravalvular abscesses, pseudoaneurysms, and systemic embolism is critical for improving patient outcomes. This study aimed to develop and validate a comprehensive ultrasound protocol integrating two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D TEE), contrast-enhanced echocardiography (CEUS), and myocardial strain imaging for improved diagnostic accuracy. A total of 120 patients with confirmed or suspected IE were prospectively enrolled. The enhanced protocol demonstrated significantly higher sensitivity in detecting vegetations (92% vs 81%), paravalvular abscesses (94% vs 80%), and subclinical myocardial dysfunction compared to the standard approach. Additionally, the protocol improved risk stratification and reduced the time to surgical decision-making. The integration of advanced echocardiographic modalities into a unified protocol significantly enhances diagnostic performance and may contribute to improved clinical outcomes in patients with IE.
Oboqulova D.I.,Madumarova Z.Sh.,Zulunov A.T.,Yakubov N. I.,Oboqulova Dilnoza Ismoiljon qizi
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEMNA MINOR
In this scientific article, the mechanisms of ecological adaptation and physiological characteristics of the plant Lemna minor (water lentil) were studied. In the study, the adaptation of the plant to the water environment, the efficiency of the use of nutrients, the intensity of photosynthesis and the resistance to stress factors were analyzed. The results showed that Lemna minor is a hydrophytic plant with high adaptability. This plant is important in ecological monitoring and biotechnological processes.
This article provides a detailed analysis of modern methodologies and technologies for ensuring network security. The main security elements of our research are cryptographic methods, network monitoring systems (IDS/IPS), VPN technologies, and security policies. This article examines the effectiveness and existing weaknesses of each technology. Cryptographic methods, such as AES and RSA algorithms, play an important role in protecting the network, but due to some threats and attacks, their effectiveness decreases over time. Although IDS/IPS systems are effective in detecting dangerous actions in the network, their high efficiency requires constant updating of the system. VPN technologies increase network security, but their use by some services without sufficient data encryption can pose a risk. The article emphasizes the importance of developing and implementing effective methodologies for ensuring network security.
Mr. Dandu Jayabharath Reddy, Bolbekova Muhlisa, Anvarova Farangiz, Kamolova Sevara
MORPHOLOGY, NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND FOOD USE OF THE MEDICINAL PLANT TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM
The following is a summary of the morphology, nutritional properties, and food quality of the medicinal plant Trigonella foenum-graecum. Trigonella foenum-graecum has been reported to have antiviral, antimicrobial, hypotensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. Shows reduced cell viability of cancer cells exposed to fenugreek seed oil. Fenugreek oils and extracts have been found to be very important for food chemistry and nutritional value as natural agents due to their excellent antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal activities in food, water, and as food additives discussed below.
STUDY OF THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RIGID POLYURETHANE FOAMS OBTAINED ON THE BASIS OF SYNTHESIZED PRODUCTS
This article presents the physical and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foams. Specifically, the properties of five rigid polyurethane foam samples obtained are compared with those of the standard PPU-307 formulation. Impact properties, strength properties, water absorption, and flammability are compared. Based on these data, a sample with acceptable physical and mechanical properties was selected.
THE LINGUISTIC NATURE OF EPONYMS IN MODERN BRAND NAMES.
This article explores the linguistic role of eponyms in terms of modern brand names, through emphasizing how proper names evolve into common lexical units via commercial and social usage. The study examines eponymization as a linguistic process involving its semantic change, lexicalization, and pragmatic adaptation in marketing discourse. Eponymous brand names such as Tesla, Ford, and Dior illustrate how personal or corporate identities become immersed in everyday language with their meaning in value. Linguistically, an <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=eponym&sca_esv=a6656f2fff5d25f6&sxsrf=AE3TifNbwPT3GnFP9JGKSv8frR0NbLZdyQ%3A1766214697676&ei=KUxGaemAKeOmwPAPvZKvoQ8&ved=2ahUKEwiF0ffPzsuRAxWnJRAIHYeGJh0QgK4QegQIARAB&uact=5&oq=give+linguistic+definition+to+eponym&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiJGdpdmUgbGluZ3Vpc3RpYyBkZWZpbml0aW9uIHRvIGVwb255bTIFECEYoAEyBRAhGKABSPdIUABY_kZwAHgBkAEAmAGMAqAB4z2qAQYwLjYuMzC4AQPIAQD4AQGYAiSgAo5BwgIPECMYgAQYExgnGMkCGIoFwgIEECMYJ8ICChAjGIAEGCcYigXCAhAQABiABBixAxhDGIMBGIoFwgIKEAAYgAQYQxiKBcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIMBwgISECMY8AUYgAQYExgnGMkCGIoFwgIEEAAYA8ICBRAAGIAEwgIJEAAYgAQYChgLwgIHEAAYgAQYE8ICCRAAGIAEGBMYCsICCBAAGBMYFhgewgIKEAAYExgWGAoYHsICCBAAGIAEGKIEwgIFEAAY7wXCAgYQABgWGB7CAgUQIRifBcICBxAhGKABGArCAggQABgWGAoYHpgDAJIHBDItMzagB_6pAbIHBDItMza4B45BwgcHMi0yMS4xNcgHogKACAA&sclient=gws-wiz-serp&mstk=AUtExfBPj4wWjHTH04yfEXpgommi-DhF1aywnB_9r4aVxQLwqTAU_EQfWwxFe4n4GYUCaXHdidZBuHesHypqKt3iLv54BD75c-k-p0lInAa0b9HV868Kto2xslMfd5CFwci_KTrXgGRx8boXxCPjw9kANAyTqfR9rkb00j99mwx-54yToNQLZeMnaHdJUEW6xzeJdCQnOIA9pcQdL_Va5VYXYUE7sroEu6jdD40InsoPtFkMvGOaPs7JnABr3F1v-kERfKd-pUZfLKqm-fm1PVIrlDnS&csui=3">eponym is a word derived from a person’s, place’s, or thing’s name, or even it can refer to the name-giver him or herself, which is able to enhance a term with <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=cooperatively&sca_esv=a6656f2fff5d25f6&sxsrf=AE3TifMc_VuZ8_vvWGdCY6XJzQciU9OmOw%3A1766215633530&ei=0U9GacSPIPTvwPAPra70-QM&ved=2ahUKEwjEwuCH0suRAxUVOBAIHQxOHW8QgK4QegQIARAE&uact=5&oq=mutually+synonym+in+linguistic+sphere&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiJW11dHVhbGx5IHN5bm9ueW0gaW4gbGluZ3Vpc3RpYyBzcGhlcmUyBRAhGKABSLw5ULEPWOE3cAF4AZABAJgBpgKgAcsmqgEGMC4zLjE4uAEDyAEA-AEBmAIWoAKfKMICChAAGLADGNYEGEfCAg0QABiABBiwAxhDGIoFwgIGEAAYFhgewgIFEAAY7wXCAgcQIRigARgKwgIFECEYnwWYAwCIBgGQBgqSBwYxLjAuMjGgB6NQsgcEMi0yMbgHlCjCBwgwLjcuMTAuNcgHgwGACAA&sclient=gws-wiz-serp&mstk=AUtExfBl4OPNcmA36R1sZxoMn755YObZIrYCOD5GGyqWI-eE8SoJ1K-HFagB_P4RUMAMSbeHBUENuJZ-gTaId5YLdWphrdmXPTQDUJMtRh-6CQncp9HiZiAXTYc9v3H4wn6OYRYzORgMAa-7JnN7Nj7NP1MqCsze3IoG1CXsyo8hGTtMtdnS_IPo4n3wbDbZEH7khQpWlqJeFVa3YFQnMlQl6CHCg5LiYX_RsAXlTVXb1FJhBsqi1_L3p9D_4cXXVEnSmGUP93hz5KUcFFXrLfXn98TJ&csui=3">cooperatively made-chain between function and meaning.
Ziyadullayev Akmal Raupovich,Xamidova Azizakhon Umidjon qizi
DAPAGLIFLOZIN AS PART OF COMBINATION THERAPY IN COPD COMORBID WITH HEART FAILURE: EFFECTS ON PULMONARY, CARDIAC, RENAL AND ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION
SGLT2 inhibitors (iSGLT2) have demonstrated cardioprotective and nephroprotective benefits in heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease, but evidence in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) comorbid with HF is limited. Dapagliflozin may offer pleiotropic benefits across pulmonary, cardiac, renal and endothelial domains in this high-risk population.
Sulaymonov S.A., Nuriddinov N.N., Ochilov I.A.
this article analyzes the process of studying Uvaisi's work, the specific aspects of her literary heritage and her place in Uzbek literary studies. The spiritual and moral views, romantic and philosophical motifs and means of artistic expression reflected in the poetess's works are scientifically covered. Also, scientific research conducted on the study of Uvaisi's work and their results are summarized.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF MNEMONIC TECHNIQUES WHEN REMEMBERING HISTORICAL DATA (DATES, PERSONS, PLACE NAMES, EVENTS)
this article covers the types of mnemonic technalogies and the mnemonic experiments and interactive methods that can be used to remember ahistorical dates, individuals and data
POSSIBILITIES OF USING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES USING INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE IN AN ELECTRONIC LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
In this state, the pedagogical, methodical, and technological possibilities of application of information technology and professional data are analyzed and the basics of using interactive software tools and an electronic educational environment are analyzed. The established role of the electronic educational environment in the development of professional competence of future specialists and the conditions of digital transformation, revealed the didactic potential of the interactive platform, the possibility of individualization of training, automation of assessment and monitoring, and also the organization of practical-oriented professional work. Na osnove kompetentnostnogo pokhoda, deyatelnostnogo obucheniya i principov cifirovoy pedagogiki razrabotany teoricheskie vyvody i prakticheskie rekomendatsii po effektivnomu ospolzovaniyu interaktivnyx programmnyx sredstv.
“METHODOLOGICAL MECHANISMS FOR DEVELOPING STUDENTS' COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE THROUGH WORKING ON THE TEXT”
This article analyzes methodological mechanisms for developing communicative competence for primary school students through working on the text. Communicative competence includes the student's ability to clearly and logically express his or her own thoughts, understand the opinions of others, and communicate interactively. Research shows that the use of interactive methods, reflective exercises, integrative approaches, and digital educational resources serves to comprehensively develop students' oral and written expression, thinking, and creative skills. At the same time, working on the text forms students' skills in independent thinking, communication, and finding creative solutions. The article shows effective methodological ways to implement the competency-based approach in practice.
LINGUOPOETIC AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF CLIMAX AND ANTICLIMAX STYLISTIC FIGURES IN THE ARTISTIC TEXT
This article analyzes the theoretical foundations of the stylistic figures of climax and anticlimax, which play an important role in the science of stylistics, and their linguopoetic properties in the literary text. In the course of the research, the linguistic essence of the gradation category, its inextricable connection with climax, and its communicative and aesthetic functions in literary speech were studied. Also, the semantic, syntactic and pragmatic properties of climax and anticlimax figures were analyzed based on examples from English and Uzbek literature. The results of the research show that climax serves as an important stylistic device that creates a dramatic culmination in a literary text, while anticlimax creates an ironic or satirical effect by ending the gradational intensification with an unexpected decrease. These stylistic figures play an important role in enhancing the aesthetic and communicative effect of literary speech.
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND VIROLOGICAL TESTING METHODS - ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CAUSANT OF ANTHROATIA
This article fully describes the methods of microbiological and virological examination - using the example of the causative agent of anthrax. Methods for testing anthrax for allergic skin reactions, hemolytic activity, motility, lecithinase activity, penicillin sensitivity, and obtaining material for testing are described in detail.
ROSEMARY PLANT AND ITS BENEFICIAL PROPERTIES
Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) is a fragrant evergreen herb widely known for its culinary, medicinal, and aromatic uses. Native to the Mediterranean region, it has been valued for centuries due to its rich chemical composition and numerous health benefits. This article explores the botanical characteristics, habitat, chemical constituents, and therapeutic importance of rosemary.
JADIDISM AS A FACTOR OF NATIONAL AWAKENING, ENLIGHTENMENT, AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROGRESS IN TURKESTAN
This article examines Jadidism as a major intellectual and reformist movement in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Turkestan. It analyzes the historical conditions that shaped the movement, its central commitment to educational renewal, and its broader contribution to national awakening, cultural transformation, and social modernization. Particular attention is given to the Jadids’ advocacy of the usul-i jadid (“new method”) schools, the expansion of print culture, the development of theater and modern literature, and the rethinking of society through the concepts of knowledge, discipline, dignity, and progress. The article also considers the role of leading reformers such as Mahmud Khoja Behbudiy, Munawwar Qari, Sadriddin Ayni, and Abdurauf Fitrat in reshaping public discourse in Central Asia. From a contemporary perspective, Jadidism can be understood not only as a cultural and educational movement, but also as an early project of social and socio-economic modernization grounded in human capital, civic awareness, and national self-renewal. The study argues that the legacy of the Jadids remains highly relevant to current debates on education, identity, and development.
Khudoyorova Nigora Nuriddinovna, Khalilova Naima Xudoynazar kizi
This article analyzes the scientific works and articles of our country and world scientists on zoology education in 2000-2025. It can be seen that scientific and methodological research on the organization and provision of zoology education is gradually developing in the direction of innovative, cognitive and information and communication technologies. At the same time, it is observed that in the existing literature a holistic model of the methodology for the formation of research competencies in students based on cognitive activity has not been fully developed.
STAGE-BY-STAGE PROCESSES OF STUDENTS’ CREATIVE ACTIVITY IN PERFORMING PROBLEM-BASED EXPERIMENTS IN PHYSICS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
This article examines the stage-by-stage processes of students’ creative activity in performing problem-based experiments in physics using artificial intelligence technologies. The study analyzes how didactic principles and innovative pedagogical approaches contribute to the development of students’ creative thinking and cognitive engagement. Particular attention is given to the role of motivation, curiosity, and emotional involvement in the learning process. Artificial intelligence tools, including virtual laboratories and intelligent learning systems, provide opportunities for personalized instruction and interactive experimentation. The results show that the integration of artificial intelligence with problem-based experimental learning significantly improves students’ analytical thinking, creativity, and conceptual understanding of physics.
CONTENT OF DEVELOPING INCLUSIVE COMPETENCES IN STUDENTS
This article analyzes the pedagogical foundations for developing inclusive competencies among future teachers. It addresses the professional training of teachers in inclusive education settings, focusing on the formation of skills for effectively working with students with special educational needs. The study also examines effective methods for developing future teachers’ inclusive competencies through pedagogical approaches, methods, and technologies. Based on the research results, recommendations are provided for improving inclusive education in higher education institutions.
ASSESSMENT OF VISUAL FUNCTIONAL STATE IN DENTAL PRACTITIONERS UNDER OCCUPATIONAL CONDITIONS
Dental professionals are exposed to multiple occupational factors, among which visual strain plays a dominant role. This study evaluates the functional condition of the visual analyzer in dentists under real working conditions, considering lighting parameters and workload intensity. The findings indicate a progressive decline in visual performance indicators throughout the workday, reflecting the development of occupational fatigue. The results emphasize the importance of optimizing workplace lighting and microclimatic conditions.
ORGANIZATION OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES IN ENTERPRISES
In today's globalization environment, effective organization of innovative activities is of crucial importance in increasing the competitiveness of enterprises. This article examines the basic principles of planning, managing and evaluating innovative processes in enterprises. It also analyzes the mechanisms for forming an innovative culture, creating a creative environment and supporting new ideas. The article provides practical recommendations for increasing the innovative potential of enterprises and ensuring sustainable development.
Kholmirzayeva GulruhAkbarovna,Obidjonova Rukhshona,Sharipov Ruslan
MICROCONTROLLER-BASED AUTOMATIC PARKING MONITORING SYSTEM.
This article analyzes the problems of efficient management of parking systems arising from the increasing number of vehicles in modern cities. The shortcomings of traditional manually controlled systems are highlighted, in particular errors related to the human factor, increased time consumption, and decreased monitoring efficiency. To address this problem, the development of an automated parking monitoring system based on a microcontroller is proposed. The system is capable of detecting vehicle entry and exit, counting available parking spaces, and automatically controlling the entrance gate, operating in real time. In addition, within the scope of the project, an appropriate microcontroller platform, sensors, and actuators are selected, and the system block diagram and control program are developed. The system is tested in a simulation environment, and the obtained results are analyzed. As a result, the proposed solution is justified as a means of reducing human labor in parking management, simplifying the monitoring process, and increasing system efficiency.
G’ulomova Ko’hinur Murod qizi, Ko’chimova Oyshabonu O’tkirjon qizi, Usmonov Faxriddin Sharofiddin o’g’li, Muhammatjonov Muxammadqodir Rashidbek o'g'li
THE PHONEME THEORY AND “PRE-PHONEMIC” PERIOD IN LINGUISTICS
This article analyzes the formation and evolution of phoneme theory, with particular emphasis on the contributions of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay and the transition from the pre-phonemic to the phonemic stage in linguistic science. It outlines the gradual differentiation between speech sounds and phonemes, establishing the latter as functional units responsible for distinguishing lexical and grammatical meaning. The study further examines the multifaceted nature of the phoneme, emphasizing its simultaneous material realization in speech and its abstract, generalized status within the language system. Special attention is given to the relationship between phonemes and their allophonic variants, as well as to the role of phonological oppositions in structuring the phonemic system. Overall, the article underscores the theoretical complexity of the phoneme and its central position in phonological analysis.
PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS
Chronic inflammatory diseases of the salivary glands represent a significant group of pathological conditions characterized by persistent inflammation, structural remodeling, and progressive functional impairment. These disorders, including chronic sialadenitis, autoimmune sialadenitis, and obstructive inflammatory conditions, exhibit diverse clinical manifestations and complex morphological patterns. The present study aims to analyze the pathomorphological features of chronic inflammatory diseases of the salivary glands through a comprehensive clinicopathological approach. A mixed-methods design was applied, integrating quantitative histopathological evaluation and qualitative morphological assessment of 94 biopsy specimens collected between 2019 and 2024. The findings reveal that chronic inflammation leads to acinar atrophy, ductal dilation, fibrosis, and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, with variations depending on etiology. Autoimmune forms demonstrate prominent lymphoid follicle formation, while obstructive types show pronounced ductal changes. Statistical analysis indicates a strong correlation between disease duration and degree of fibrosis (r = 0.71). The study underscores the importance of early diagnosis and targeted therapeutic strategies to prevent irreversible glandular damage and improve patient outcomes.
THE ROLE OF INTELLECTUAL COMPETENCE IN THE PURPOSEFUL INVOLVEMENT OF STUDENTS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH WORK
The development of students' intellectual potential in scientific research is a focus for psychologists at all stages, the psychological characteristics of future teachers' intellectual development related to scientific activity has a scientific and theoretical basis. It has been scientifically analyzed that abilities are an individual psychological characteristic that serves as a prerequisite for the successful performance of human activity and manifests itself in differences arising in the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and qualifications.
LAYERS OF THE RETINA AND THEIR FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE
This article examines the anatomical structure of the retinal layers and their functional significance in visual perception. The study is based on the analysis of anatomical, histological, and clinically oriented literature in Uzbek, Russian, and English. Special attention is given to the layered organization of the retina, including the retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptor layer, nuclear and plexiform layers, ganglion cell layer, nerve fiber layer, and inner limiting membrane. The review shows that each retinal layer has a distinct structural and physiological role in the reception, processing, integration, and transmission of visual information. Outer layers are mainly involved in photoreception and metabolic support, middle layers in synaptic interaction and signal modulation, and inner layers in the conduction of visual impulses toward the optic nerve. The article also emphasizes the clinical relevance of retinal microanatomy in understanding retinal degeneration, vascular disorders, and other ophthalmic diseases. Detailed knowledge of retinal layers is important not only for anatomy and histology, but also for ophthalmology, neurology, and modern diagnostic practice.
In linguistics, including dialectology, there are units that express the meanings of time, moment, and space-time, and they serve to connect the text with each other. It also expresses sequence and periodicity in the text. In the semantic field of Uzbek and Azerbaijani linguistics, which are ethnically close to each other, the meaning of time is morphological, such as time adverbs, time-meaning nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, prepositions, tense cases, and syntactic constructions expressing time. studied in directions.
THE VIEW OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION AND ITS FORMATION IN THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE FACULTY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
This article emphasizes the importance of providing students with a broader understanding of the concept of professional competence in higher education, along with compulsory disciplines at the Faculty of Natural Sciences. The importance of teaching English in accordance with professional competencies in the organization of the training system for natural science faculties is emphasized. It also explains the concepts of competence and professional competence.
CORONARY CIRCULATION AND THE PATHOGENESIS OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Coronary circulation plays a crucial role in maintaining myocardial viability by ensuring a continuous supply of oxygen and metabolic substrates to cardiac tissue. Disruption of coronary blood flow leads to ischemia and, if prolonged, results in myocardial infarction, a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study aims to analyze the anatomical structure of coronary circulation and its role in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. A comprehensive review of anatomical, physiological, and clinical literature was conducted to evaluate the relationship between coronary vessel structure, hemodynamic regulation, and pathological processes. The findings indicate that atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and endothelial dysfunction are key contributors to coronary artery occlusion. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for improving preventive strategies, early diagnosis, and effective treatment of ischemic heart disease.
FIRST-ORDER LINEAR EQUATIONS WITH ONE UNKNOWN AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
Among the equations, the simplest are the first-order (linear) single-unknown equations. In the primary grade mathematics course, the simplest elementary equations are studied, the method of solving them is used, teaching the connection between the action component and the result of the action. The article explores a variety of categories of problems that can be solved by solving first-order unsolved equations.
EXPLORING CULTURAL IDENTITY THROUGH LINGVOCULTUREMES: A STUDY OF KIPLING’S POETIC DISCOURSE
The relationship between language and cultural identity is examined through linguoculturological analysis of lingvoculturemes in this thesis. The study focuses on how phrases with cultural connotations serve as messengers of national ideals and perspectives. The study is based on a few of Rudyard Kipling's poems, such as The Way Through the Woods, If—, Nativity and The Power of the Dog. The thesis investigates important linguoculturological concepts and their function in articulating cultural identity through semantic and contextual analysis.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY OF A HIGHER EDUCATION TEACHER
This article is devoted to the analysis of the specific characteristics of the pedagogical activity of higher education instructors. The paper examines the professional competencies of instructors working within the higher education system, the interrelationship between didactic, methodological, and research activities, as well as issues related to the application of innovative approaches in the educational process. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of higher education instructors in the development of students’ personalities, pedagogical strategies aimed at fostering independent thinking, and instructors’ responsibility under conditions of academic freedom. The research findings indicate that the pedagogical activity of higher education instructors encompasses not only the transmission of knowledge but also educational, research, and social functions. The presented study is of significant importance for theoretical and practical research in the field of higher education pedagogy.
THE FAMILY AS A CENTRAL OBJECT IN THE STUDY OF EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN MODERN SCIENCE
The family is one of the most important social factors in ideological development. This is because the family is the foundation of society and possesses strong spiritual pillars that have been established over many centuries. The initial concepts inherent to our national ideology are first absorbed within the family environment. Therefore, by studying the family as an object of pedagogical and psychological research, it is possible to analyze the problem of shaping the family as a value among adolescent students.
ВЛИЯНИЕ ЦИФРОВОЙ СРЕДЫ НА УЧЕБНУЮ МОТИВАЦИЮ ШКОЛЬНИКОВ: ПРОБЛЕМА И ПУТИ РЕШЕНИЯ
В статье рассматривается влияние цифровой среды на учебную мотивацию школьников, а также анализируются основные проблемы и возможные пути их решения. На основе анализа русскоязычных научных публикаций показано, что цифровая образовательная среда обладает двойственным потенциалом. С одной стороны, она способствует повышению интереса учащихся к учебной деятельности, расширяет возможности индивидуализации обучения, усиливает наглядность и интерактивность образовательного процесса. С другой стороны, при недостаточном педагогическом сопровождении цифровая среда может приводить к преобладанию внешней мотивации над внутренней, снижению устойчивости внимания и поверхностному усвоению учебного материала. Особое внимание уделяется роли учителя, возрастным особенностям школьников и необходимости сочетания цифровых и традиционных форм обучения. Сделан вывод о том, что эффективность цифровой среды как средства формирования учебной мотивации определяется не столько самим фактом использования цифровых технологий, сколько педагогически грамотной организацией образовательного процесса.
CREATION OF HIGH-QUALITY ELECTROFLOCKED YARN
This article is devoted to solving the problems of analyzing technological processes of production of fleecy yarn, as a result of which, under the influence of tension, the circular shape of the cross-section of the resulting fleecy yarn changes, which, consequently, affects the quality of the final product.
Ушбу мақолада хореографнинг амалий фаолиятида композиция қонунларини, мусиқа ва хореография жанрларни чуқур тушуниш, илмий-ижодий ишларни замон талаблари даражасида аҳамиятини ошириш ва хореографик асар яратишда мусиқашунос билан хореографнинг ўзаро боғлиқ ишларининг самарадорлиги ёритилган.
Валиева Севинч Афрясабовна,Дурдона Абдухакимова
FEATURES OF MAKHALLA INTEGRATION INTO THE STRUCTURE OF A MODERN CITY
This article examines the transformation processes of the mahalla institution within the structure of a modern megapolis. It analyzes changes in the socio-economic and cultural functions of the mahalla in the context of urbanization, globalization, and modernization of urban space. Special attention is paid to the role of the mahalla as a traditional social institution that provides social support, community self-organization, and preservation of national values. The study also explores the integration of the mahalla into the modern urban structure, as well as the impact of digitalization and administrative reforms on its functioning.
Barno Irgashevna Mutalova,Abdullaeva Madina Alijonovna
CHANGING MICROCLIMATE CONDITIONS AND HEAT FLOW REDISTRIBUTION IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT
This article examines the impact of high-density urban development on the formation of the urban heat island effect. The main factors contributing to temperature increase in cities are analyzed, including increased building density, the use of heat-absorbing construction materials, reduction of green spaces, and the growth of anthropogenic heat emissions. Special attention is given to changes in microclimatic conditions and the redistribution of heat flows in an urbanized environment. Based on the analysis, patterns of increasing temperature contrast between central and peripheral urban areas have been identified.
Kamilla Dzhavdatovna Abdullaeva,Shukurullaeva Mohinur Bakhtiyarovna
POLYSEMY AND SYNONYMY IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH RELIEF TERMINOLOGY
This article presents a comparative analysis of polysemy and synonymy in Uzbek and English relief terminology. The study applies semantic and cognitive approaches to examine how lexical units develop multiple meanings and synonymic relations. It demonstrates that relief terms in both languages are shaped by human perception of the environment and cultural experience. The findings reveal both universal semantic patterns and language-specific features influenced by geographical and cultural contexts.
DURATION OF CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS AND MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA AS PREDICTORS OF SEVERE INOTROPIC SUPPORT IN CHILDREN WITH TETRALOGY OF FALLOT AFTER RADICAL CORRECTION
This study investigates the impact of cardiopulmonary bypass duration and myocardial ischemia time on the development of severe inotropic support in children undergoing radical correction of Tetralogy of Fallot. A retrospective analysis was conducted on pediatric patients who underwent surgical correction, assessing perioperative parameters including bypass duration, aortic cross-clamp time, and postoperative hemodynamic status. The findings indicate that prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass and myocardial ischemia are significantly associated with an increased need for high-dose inotropic support in the early postoperative period. These factors can serve as important predictors of postoperative cardiac dysfunction and may guide perioperative management strategies aimed at improving clinical outcomes.
PERIOPERATIVE INFUSION THERAPY AS A COMPONENT OF ENHANCED RECOVERY AFTER SURGERY (ERAS) IN CHILDREN
The integration of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols into pediatric practice is considered a key factor in improving the safety and effectiveness of surgical treatment. The aim of this review is to systematically analyze modern strategies of perioperative infusion therapy in children within the ERAS framework. Particular attention is given to methods for assessing body fluid compartment distribution, including the potential and safety profile of bioimpedance analysis in the pediatric population. The critical role of maintaining euvolemic status at all stages of perioperative management is emphasized in order to minimize the risk of complications such as capillary leak, interstitial edema, and organ dysfunction. It is concluded that goal-directed infusion therapy, based on adequate monitoring, represents a fundamental component of enhanced postoperative recovery in children undergoing major surgical interventions.
CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF RHINITIS IN PATIENTS WITH A HISTORY OF COVID-19
COVID-19 has caused long-term pathological changes not only in the lower respiratory tract but also in the upper airways, particularly the nasal mucosa. Rhinitis is frequently observed in patients after recovery from COVID-19 and may persist as part of post-viral complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical manifestations and morphological characteristics of rhinitis in patients with a previous history of COVID-19. The study included patients who had recovered from COVID-19 and subsequently developed persistent nasal symptoms such as nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, dryness, burning sensation, and olfactory dysfunction. Clinical examination included anterior rhinoscopy, nasal endoscopy, and symptom assessment. Morphological evaluation was performed using histological examination of nasal mucosal biopsy samples. The results demonstrated epithelial desquamation, goblet cell hyperplasia, vascular congestion, subepithelial edema, and lymphocytic infiltration in the nasal mucosa. In several cases, microcirculatory disturbances and focal fibrotic changes were identified. Clinically, prolonged nasal obstruction and decreased smell sensitivity were the most common complaints. These findings indicate that post-COVID rhinitis is associated with persistent inflammatory and structural remodeling of the nasal mucosa. Recognition of these clinical and morphological changes is important for improving diagnosis, treatment strategies, and prevention of chronic upper airway pathology in post-COVID
DIFFUSE AXONAL BRAIN INJURY COURT - MEDICAL EVALUATION
A number of scientific studies are being conducted around the world to develop optimal approaches to the forensic assessment of morphological criteria for diffuse axonal injury. In this regard, the issue of distinguishing the viability of axonal injuries from possible artifacts is of particular scientific and practical importance, and this is of fundamental importance in determining the cause-and-effect relationship between traumatic exposure and the occurrence of death. Since it is an important scientific and practical basis for scientifically assessing deaths associated with brain injuries, ensuring the objectivity of expert opinion, and improving diagnostic standards in practice. Certain measures are being implemented in our country aimed at developing the health care system, adapting the medical field to the requirements of world standards, including preventing death and disability among the population due to brain damage .
MECHANISMS TO ENSURE EFFICIENT USE OF MATERIAL AND GOODS RESERVES IN CONSTRUCTION ORGANIZATIONS
This article examines modern mechanisms for ensuring the efficient use of inventory (material resources) in construction organizations. A scientific and practical analysis is conducted on inventory management methods, including logistics optimization, implementation of digital technologies, rational use of resources, and cost reduction strategies. The study also highlights the improvement of planning, accounting, and control systems for inventory in construction enterprises. Furthermore, ways to enhance economic efficiency through effective resource management are substantiated.
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE MANDATORY ENERGY AUDIT OF ENERGY CONSUMERS IN UZBEKISTAN
This article provides a scientific analysis of the regulatory framework for conducting mandatory energy audits of energy consumers in the Republic of Uzbekistan, existing organizational and economic problems, and ways to eliminate them. During the study, international experience was studied, in particular, the mechanisms of mandatory energy audit used in the countries of the International Energy Agency and the European Union. Scientific and practical proposals have been developed for improving the criteria for identifying large energy consumers, the frequency of audits, and the monitoring and control system in the conditions of Uzbekistan. The research results will serve to increase energy efficiency, reduce energy intensity, and strengthen national energy security.
Fayziev Tulkin Amirovich,Ashirov Jonibek Ural ugli
MORPHEMIC-STRUCTURAL, SEMANTIC, NOSOLOGICAL, AND SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF AFFIXATIONAL DERIVATION IN CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY (BASED ON GREEK-LATIN COMPONENTS)
This article provides an in-depth analysis of the morphemic-structural, semantic, nosological, and syntactic features of affixational derivation (word formation through prefixes and suffixes) in clinical terminology, with a focus on Greek-Latin components. Greek clinical and Latin anatomical elements, widely used in medical education in Uzbekistan, are examined in terms of their morphemic composition, meaning modification, role in disease classification, and syntactic integration. The study demonstrates that affixational derivation is a primary tool in clinical terminology and plays a crucial role in international nosological classification and the syntactic structure of clinical texts. From a practical medical perspective, the article highlights the importance of Greek-Latin morphemes in diagnostic, pathogenetic, therapeutic, and documentation processes.
DolievAhmadjon Ulugbek ugli,Khafizova Muharram Ne’matillayevna
This article covers the anatomical structure of the human lung, its main parts and important functions in the body. Information is provided about the structure of the right and left parts of the lung, the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli and their role in gas exchange. The importance of the lungs in the respiratory system, their role in the process of supplying the body with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide gas is also scientifically analyzed. The article also briefly describes the importance of maintaining healthy lung function.
Xamzayeva Gulbibi Bakhtiyor qizi,Khafizova Muharram Ne`matillayevna
ARCHETYPAL FOUNDATIONS OF ANIMAL IMAGERY AND ANTHROPOMORPHISM AS A LINGUISTIC STRATEGY
This article investigates anthropomorphism as a cognitive and linguistic strategy grounded in archetypal structures, focusing on the works of Jack London and Normurod Norqobilov. The study explores how animal imagery becomes a medium for expressing human emotions, ethical concerns, and existential experiences. It argues that anthropomorphism connects instinctual behavior with cultural meaning and reflects both universal and culturally specific patterns. This article investigates anthropomorphism as a cognitive and linguistic strategy grounded in archetypal structures, focusing on the works of Jack London and Normurod Norqobilov. The study explores how animal imagery becomes a medium for expressing human emotions, ethical concerns, and existential experiences. It argues that anthropomorphism connects instinctual behavior with cultural meaning and reflects both universal and culturally specific patterns. This perspective allows deeper interpretation and strengthens analytical validity. Furthermore, the section develops the argument by integrating theoretical insights with textual examples, ensuring clarity and academic depth.
This article examines anthropomorphism as a cognitive, linguistic, and literary strategy rooted in archetypal structures, focusing on the works of Jack London and Normurod Norqobilov. The study analyzes how animal imagery becomes a medium for expressing human emotions, ethical concerns, and existential experiences. It argues that anthropomorphism functions as a meaningful interpretive mechanism that connects instinctual behavior with cultural values, thereby enriching the semantic role of zoonyms in literary discourse. The paper also highlights how anthropomorphic representation varies across literary traditions while maintaining a universal cognitive foundation.
PROCESSES OF IMPROVEMENT OF UZBEKISTAN FOLK INSTRUMENTS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CHANG INSTRUMENT)
There are many stages in the development of Uzbek folk instruments, and the above information is discussed, and the processes of improvement of Uzbek folk instruments are considered on the example of the khan instrument. The historical and evolutionary stages of the development of the khan instrument, its role and issues in national music performance are described. The perfect harmony of the instrumental works and their instrumentalization in accordance with the path of the instrument are mentioned.
This article is devoted to identifying promising ways of using folk oral literature in the educational process and providing scientific and pedagogical justification. It analyzes the role of folk oral literature samples, namely fairy tales, proverbs, riddles, songs and epics, in the spiritual and moral education of students, as well as their potential in the educational process.
Sidikova Zulfiya Murodjon qizi, Umarjonova Maxbuba Akmaljon qizi
THE DESCRIPTION OF THE CONCEPTS OF DIGITAL DISCOURSE AND PRAGMATICS IN MODERN LINGUISTICS
:This article explores the conceptual and theoretical foundations of digital discourse and pragmatics within the framework of modern linguistics. With the rapid development of information and communication technologies, language use has significantly transformed, giving rise to new forms of interaction in digital environments. The study examines how digital discourse differs from traditional discourse in terms of structure, function, and communicative strategies. Particular attention is paid to the role of pragmatics in interpreting meaning in online communication, where context, intention, and user interaction play a crucial role. The research also highlights key pragmatic features such as speech acts, politeness strategies, and implicatures in digital platforms. By analyzing contemporary linguistic approaches, the article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how digital discourse operates and how pragmatic principles are adapted in virtual communication. The findings contribute to the broader field of discourse analysis and offer insights into evolving language practices in the digital age.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY MALIGNANT TUMORS LONG BONES COMPLICATED BY A PATHOLOGICAL FRACTURE
In 27 cases (41.0%) PCP was preceded by the appearance of a painful tumor, in 20 (30.3%) the appearance of PCP was accompanied by painful sensations, 12 (18.2%) the disease began with the appearance of a tumor and limb dysfunction, in 1 (1.5%) PCP was the primary symptom of the disease. Of these, 19 patients (28.8%) associated the appearance of a pathological fracture with a previous injury. With a suspected inflammatory process, 15 (22.7%) patients were subjected to various types of physiotherapy.
HUMOUR AS A PRAGMATIC AND STYLISTIC DEVICE IN MARK TWAIN’S “THE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER” AND GAFUR GULOM’S “SHUM BOLA”
Humour occupies a central place in literary discourse not only as a means of entertainment, but also as a communicative and artistic instrument through which texts construct character, regulate social relations, and expose the contradictions of their cultural worlds. In linguistic research, humour is treated as a discourse phenomenon linked to pragmatics, irony, sarcasm, and conversational cooperation; Salvatore Attardo’s overview emphasizes that humor in language is studied through semantic, pragmatic, discourse, and interactional models, including the social functions of solidarity and exclusion.
PRAGMATIC MODELS OF THE IDEAL SOCIETY CONCEPT IN CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
This study is devoted to the analysis of pragmatic models of the concept of an ideal society in contemporary political philosophy, focusing on theoretical approaches formed on the basis of real political institutions and social mechanisms, in contrast to utopian representations. The research provides a comparative analysis of the major theoretical directions developed in twentieth- and twenty-first-century political philosophy, including liberal theories of justice, the concept of communicative democracy, the model of civil society, and the theory of the welfare state. These theories interpret the idea of an ideal society not as a model of absolute perfection but as a pragmatic institutional system aimed at ensuring social justice, political legitimacy, and democratic governance. The findings demonstrate that in contemporary political philosophy, the concept of an ideal society functions as an important normative framework for evaluating and improving real political institutions.
IMPROVED MECHANISM AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY MODEL FOR MANDATORY ENERGY AUDIT OF ENERGY CONSUMERS
This article develops an improved organizational and economic mechanism for conducting mandatory energy audits of energy consumers under the conditions of Uzbekistan. The study proposes a model for the differential categorization of energy consumers, a step-by-step algorithm for the audit process, an analysis method based on the energy balance, and formulas for assessing economic efficiency. A model for a digitalized monitoring system has also been developed. The research results will serve to increase energy efficiency, reduce the energy costs of industrial enterprises, and strengthen national energy security.
DEVITAL EXTIRPATION AND DEVITAL AMPUTATION: MODERN APPROACHES
This article discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of devital treatment methods used in the management of pulpitis in dentistry, namely devital extirpation and devital amputation. The indications, contraindications, procedural techniques, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of both methods are analyzed. In addition, the criteria for selecting the appropriate treatment method based on clinical conditions are reviewed.
TRAUMA, MEMORY, AND POSTMIGRATION NARRATIVES IN CONTEMPORARY DIASPORA LITERATURE
This article examines the interrelation between trauma, memory, and postmigration narrative structures in contemporary diaspora literature. Drawing upon interdisciplinary frameworks from литературоведение, культурология, and психолингвистика, the study explores how diasporic authors reconstruct individual and collective identities through fragmented memory and trauma-infused storytelling. The research employs qualitative textual analysis of selected works by prominent diaspora writers to identify recurring narrative strategies, including temporal dislocation, hybrid linguistic expression, and mnemonic reconstruction. The findings demonstrate that postmigration narratives function not merely as literary expressions but as cognitive and cultural mechanisms of negotiating identity in transnational contexts. The article argues that trauma and memory are not only thematic elements but structural principles shaping diasporic discourse.
THE ROLE OF PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES IN REDUCING ONCOLOGICAL DISEASES
This article examines the scientific basis and practical importance of preventing oncological diseases. Special attention is given to modifiable risk factors, early detection strategies, and the role of public health interventions in reducing cancer incidence and mortality. Preventive measures such as lifestyle modification, vaccination, screening programs, and environmental protection are analyzed. The study highlights that a significant proportion of cancers can be prevented through evidence-based strategies. The importance of integrating preventive oncology into primary healthcare systems and increasing population awareness is emphasized.
NEUROGENIC BLADDER SYNDROME IN ELDERLY WOMEN: DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES AND MODERN THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES
Background: Neurogenic bladder syndrome (NBS) in elderly women is a complex clinical entity resulting from the disruption of neural pathways governing lower urinary tract function. In the aging female population, NBS is frequently exacerbated by comorbidities such as stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and post-menopausal changes. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate current diagnostic protocols and analyze the efficacy of modern pharmacological and minimally invasive treatments available in 2026. Methods: A systematic review of literature from 2016 to 2026 was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines. Results: Modern diagnostics, including 3D-urodynamics and neuro-imaging, allow for precise sub-typing of NBS. Emerging therapies, such as sacral neuromodulation (SNM) and targeted botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) injections, have shown superior results compared to traditional anticholinergic therapy. Conclusion: Management of NBS in elderly women requires a multidisciplinary approach, prioritizing minimally invasive interventions to improve quality of life and prevent upper urinary tract damage.
CLINICAL-ANAMNESTIC AND PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ESOPHAGEAL MALIGNANCIES AMONG THE POPULATION OF THE FERGANA VALLEY
Background: The Fergana Valley is identified as a high-risk region for esophageal cancer (EC) due to a combination of unique dietary habits, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the clinical-anamnestic patterns and pathomorphological features of esophageal malignancies in this specific population to improve early diagnosis and prevention strategies. Methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical records and biopsy reports from regional oncological centers was conducted, focusing on patients diagnosed between 2018 and 2026. Results: The majority of cases are diagnosed at advanced stages (III-IV). Squamous cell carcinoma remains the dominant histological type (88%). Key anamnestic triggers include the consumption of "nasway," hot beverages, and nutritional deficiencies. Conclusion: Targeted screening programs focusing on the specific risk factors of the Fergana Valley population are essential to reduce the mortality associated with esophageal malignancies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY: A KEY FACTOR OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
This article analyzes the role and significance of renewable energy sources, particularly solar and wind energy, in modern society. The ecological, economic, and social advantages of these energy types are examined, along with their share in the global energy system and current development trends. Based on the research findings, the prospects for the wider implementation of renewable energy sources are highlighted.
Bekzod Umarov Baxtiyorjon o‘g‘li, Axmadjonov Sirojiddin G‘ulomjon o‘g‘li, Asqaraliyev Elyorbek Dilshodbek o‘g‘li
FEATURES OF INFLUENZA TREATMENT IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC CONDITIONS
The article presents data from a study on the efficacy and safety of the drug Oselvir, a neuraminidase inhibitor, for the treatment of influenza in children with chronic cardiovascular and nervous system conditions. It was shown that Oselvir significantly reduces the duration of fever, sore throat, and cough. The treatment was associated with adverse events, but their type and frequency did not differ between the groups of children receiving different antiviral therapies. Complications were rare, with no significant differences between the groups.
EFFECTIVENESS OF APICOECTOMY USING MINERAL TRIOXIDE AGGREGATE IN CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS PERIODONTITIS
Chronic granulomatous periodontitis is one of the most common periapical inflammatory diseases in modern dentistry. Conservative endodontic treatment does not always ensure complete elimination of infection. Chronic granulomatous periodontitis represents a chronic inflammatory process localized in periapical tissues, often resulting from persistent microbial infection within the root canal system. It is characterized by granuloma formation and progressive bone destruction. Although nonsurgical endodontic treatment is the first-line approach, failure rates remain significant due to anatomical complexities, resistant microorganisms, and extraradicular infection. Apicoectomy, combined with retrograde filling using modern biomaterials such as MTA, has significantly improved outcomes in such cases. MTA is known for its: superior sealing ability; biocompatibility; osteoinductive properties. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of apicoectomy using MTA in a larger patient population and to identify factors affecting treatment success.
LEXICAL FEATURES OF PERSUASIVE WORDS IN ENGLISH ADVERTISING: A LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
This article examines the lexical characteristics of persuasive vocabulary employed in English advertising discourse. Through systematic analysis of linguistic devices, rhetorical figures, and pragmatic strategies, the study identifies key patterns in how advertisers manipulate language to influence consumer behavior. The research demonstrates that persuasive advertising language relies heavily on specific lexical categories including evaluative adjectives, imperative verbs, neologisms, and weasel words, operating within carefully constructed syntactic frameworks. The findings contribute to understanding the interface between applied linguistics and marketing communication.
SAPROPEL-BASED WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
This scientific work analyzes in detail the role of sapropel as a natural resource, its physicochemical properties and application possibilities in various fields. In particular, the ways of effective use of sapropel reserves in the Aral Sea region are considered. The results of the study show the importance of sapropel in reducing environmental problems and increasing economic efficiency.
MODERN METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO TEACHING LATIN CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY IN MEDICAL EDUCATION
This article analyzes the methodology of teaching Latin-based clinical terminology in the system of medical education. Latin is considered one of the main sources of the international terminological system in medicine. The majority of modern medical terms are formed on the basis of morphemes derived from Latin and Ancient Greek. The study examines both traditional and innovative methods used in teaching clinical terminology. In particular, grammatical analysis, the morphological structure of terms, translation methods, contextual learning, and interactive pedagogical technologies are discussed. The research results demonstrate that the application of modern methodological approaches increases students’ effectiveness in mastering clinical terminology. These methods play an important pedagogical role in the formation of professional terminological competence among medical students.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF ARABIC DICTIONARIES: STRUCTURAL, HISTORICAL, AND LEXICOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES
Arabic lexicography represents one of the most ancient and systematically developed traditions in the history of world linguistics. The Arabic dictionary-making tradition, spanning over thirteen centuries, is distinguished by its unique structural organization, rooted in the trilateral root system (jidhr thulathi) that fundamentally differentiates it from Indo-European lexicographic practice. This paper investigates the principal distinctive features of Arabic dictionaries, encompassing their macrostructural arrangement (rhyme-based, root-based, and phonetic ordering systems), microstructural conventions (vocalization patterns, grammatical information encoding, and illustrative citation practices), and the evolution of specialized lexicographic genres including monolingual, bilingual, terminological, and electronic dictionaries. Special attention is devoted to classical Arabic dictionaries such as al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi's Kitab al-Ayn (8th century), Ibn Manzur's Lisan al-Arab (13th century), and al-Fayruzabadi's al-Qamus al-Muhit, as paradigmatic works that shaped the tradition. The paper further addresses the challenges Arabic poses for computational lexicography, particularly the handling of non-concatenative morphology and the diglossia between Classical Arabic (fusha) and colloquial varieties (ammiyya). Findings suggest that the Arabic lexicographic tradition offers unique methodological insights relevant to modern computational linguistics and corpus-based dictionary development.
The articleihgludes information about the15th centur Samarkand Obsegvatoru and Ulugh Beg Em[nent CentralAzian astronomer who was incharge of it.Theworldwide reprint of Zij Ulugh Beg,the major work of Samarkand astronomers,and fresh data on the record ofarchacological studies of the observatoru,are algo adduced
STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC STUDY OF SLANG WITH A MAMMAL COMPONENT IN ENGLISH
Among English slang items, animal names occur in great abundance. They are diverse in terms of their structure, semantics, linguopragmatic and linguostylistic features, and they stand out because of the distinctiveness of their usage. From this perspective, the present article is devoted to a structural-semantic study of mammals codified in English slang dictionaries.
AIR POLLUTION LEVELS, MAJOR SOURCES, AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES
This study examines the level of atmospheric air pollution in the conditions of Tashkent city and Kashkadarya region, with particular emphasis on the key anthropogenic factors contributing to its formation. The concentrations of major air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and carbon monoxide (CO), were evaluated over the period 2023–2026. The findings indicate that Tashkent exhibits elevated levels of PM2.5 and NO₂, primarily associated with increased traffic density and rapid urbanization processes. In contrast, higher SO₂ concentrations observed in the Kashkadarya region are largely attributed to industrial activities and fuel-energy sector emissions. Furthermore, the study proposes scientifically grounded measures aimed at improving air quality and enhancing environmental protection.
THE USE OF OCCASIONALISMS IN IQBOL MIRZO'S POETRY
this article analyzes the semantics of the occasionalisms used in the poetry book "I have fallen into your eyes" by the people's poet of Uzbekistan Iqbol Mirzo. This unit increases the artistic and aesthetic value of the poem, encourages the reader to think, feel and understand. As a result, the poet's creative interaction with the language is recognized not only as a stylistic achievement, but also as an important factor that reveals new aspects of Uzbek poetic thinking.
LINGUISTIC ISSUES OF ORGANIZING PERSONNEL TRAINING AND EDUCATION BASED ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH
this article analyzes linguistic issues arising in organizing personnel training based on artificial intelligence and an innovative approach. The study analyzes the importance of introducing artificial intelligence and digital technologies into the education system, the impact, opportunities and existing problems on the development of linguistic competence using artificial intelligence, the methodology for organizing training. Recommendations are also given to eliminate problems associated with artificial intelligence.
MODERN METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO TEACHING GERMAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES
This article examines the fundamental methodological principles essential for the effective teaching of German as a Foreign Language (DaF) in the contemporary educational context. As German is characterized by its complex grammatical structures and unique phonetic system, traditional deductive approaches are increasingly being replaced by more dynamic, learner-centered strategies. The study highlights the significance of the inductive grammar method, which encourages students to discover linguistic rules through authentic contexts, thereby enhancing cognitive retention. Furthermore, the article explores the "action-oriented" approach, emphasizing the development of communicative competence and the practical application of language in real-world scenarios. A crucial component of the discussion is the integration of the "D-A-CH" principle, which ensures that learners develop intercultural awareness alongside linguistic proficiency. Finally, the paper addresses the role of digital transformation and multimedia tools in creating an immersive and differentiated learning environment. By synthesizing these core pillars, the article provides a comprehensive framework for educators to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and communicative fluency in German language instruction.
TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF PRODUCING COMPOSITES BASED ON RECYCLED POLYMERS
This article examines the technological and environmental aspects of producing composite materials based on recycled polymers. The relevance of the study is обусловлена the need for rational utilization of polymer waste and reduction of its negative environmental impact. The paper analyzes modern approaches to the recycling of secondary thermoplastics (polyethylene and polypropylene) and investigates the influence of fillers of various nature on the physical and mechanical properties of composites. Experimental results showed that the introduction of mineral and organic fillers contributes to an increase in strength characteristics and elastic modulus; however, it is accompanied by a decrease in material ductility. Optimal technological processing parameters ensuring uniform distribution of components and minimization of degradation processes have been determined. The conducted environmental analysis confirmed that the use of recycled polymers significantly reduces energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional technologies. The obtained results demonstrate the перспективность of using composites based on recycled raw materials in various industrial sectors.
THE INFLUENCE OF VAGINAL MICROBIOTA ON THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The vaginal microbiota constitutes a highly specialized and dynamic microbial ecosystem that is essential for maintaining the physiological balance of the female reproductive tract. It is predominantly composed of Lactobacillus species, which play a protective role by regulating the vaginal environment and inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Alterations in this microbial community, commonly referred to as dysbiosis, are associated with a wide range of gynecological and reproductive complications, including infertility, inflammatory diseases, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. This expanded article provides a comprehensive analysis of the structure, functions, and clinical significance of vaginal microbiota, with particular attention to its role in fertility, pregnancy, and modern reproductive technologies.
This article presents Ptolemy’s theorem and demonstrates examples of calculating the diagonals and sides of polygons using this theorem.
OVERCOMING CHALLENGES IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
Foreign language teaching in higher education institutions faces numerous challenges that affect both teaching effectiveness and student learning outcomes. These challenges include linguistic barriers, lack of motivation, insufficient teaching resources, and limited use of modern technologies. This article examines the key difficulties encountered in foreign language instruction and proposes practical solutions based on modern pedagogical approaches. Special attention is given to student-centered learning, the integration of technology, and innovative teaching strategies. The study concludes that overcoming these challenges requires a комплекс approach involving teachers, students, and institutional support.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEKISTAN
This article provides a comparative analysis of the linguistic, semantic and pragmatic characteristics of phraseological units in English and Uzbek. The national-cultural characteristics, structural forms of phraseological units and problems in the translation process are covered on a scientific basis. The results of the study serve to identify the similarities and differences in phraseology in the two language systems.
ACTIVE LEARNING STRATEGIES IN TECHNICAL HIGHER EDUCATION: THE CASE OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
This study explores the integration of pedagogical innovations into the teaching and learning process of urban transport systems and their operation. With the growing demand for skilled professionals in the field of transportation engineering and management, the need for effective teaching methods that combine theoretical knowledge with practical skills is increasingly significant. The research aims to analyze the effectiveness of active learning strategies, digital simulations, and interdisciplinary approaches in transport education. A mixed-method research design was used, combining literature review, classroom observation, and student surveys. The results show that the use of problem-based learning, digital modeling tools, and case studies enhances students’ professional competence, critical thinking, and readiness for real-world challenges. The findings provide insights into how pedagogy can be adapted to meet the specific needs of technical disciplines and contribute to the modernization of higher education curricula.
PLASMALYTE IN MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF DORSALGI
Dorsalgia, or back pain, is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders affecting people of different ages and occupations. Its multifactorial etiology includes degenerative changes, muscular strain, trauma, and metabolic disturbances. Plasmalyte, a balanced isotonic electrolyte solution, has recently been explored for its potential role in improving metabolic homeostasis, reducing muscular ischemia, and enhancing tissue perfusion in patients with dorsalgia. This article analyzes the clinical rationale for using Plasmalyte in dorsalgia management, discussing its physiological benefits, therapeutic indications, and possible implications for improving patient outcomes.
METAPHOR, METONYMY, SYNECDOCHE, AND OTHER FIGURATIVE DEVICES IN GERMAN FOLK TALES
German folk tales, as collected and transmitted through generations, are rich in stylistic and rhetorical devices that enhance their artistic expression and cultural resonance. Among these devices, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, and other figures of speech play a crucial role in shaping characters, conveying moral lessons, and preserving cultural archetypes. This article analyzes the use of these figurative tools in German folk narratives, focusing on how they function to embody symbolic meanings, build imaginative worlds, and connect oral tradition with cultural identity.
ONCOLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS AFTER COVID-19: MODERN VIEWS, PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS, AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted global healthcare systems and raised concerns about long-term oncological consequences. This study analyzes post-COVID oncological complications, focusing on molecular and immunological mechanisms. Chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, oxidative stress, and epigenetic alterations are identified as major contributors to carcinogenesis. Additionally, delays in diagnosis and treatment during the pandemic have worsened cancer outcomes.
PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ READING CULTURE DEVELOPMENT
This article provides a scientific analysis of effective pedagogical methods for developing reading culture among primary school students in reading literacy classes. It examines ways to increase students’ interest in reading, develop independent reading skills, and highlights the didactic and educational significance of Uzbek folk tales and literary works in the reading process.
Ernazarova Laylo Abdusaitovna,Rakhimova Rukhshona Sayfullayevna
TECHNOLOGY OF EDUCATING SENIOR SCHOOL STUDENTS IN PATRIOTISM AND AESTHETIC VALUES THROUGH SPECIAL MILITARY-PHYSICAL TRAINING EXERCISE
This article explores the technology of educating senior school students in patriotism and aesthetic values ​​through special military-physical training exercises. The pedagogical significance of military-physical activities, their influence on students’ worldview, and their integration into the educational process are analyzed. The study also proposes effective methods for developing both physical fitness and aesthetic perception among students.
PHONETIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION OF LATIN MEDICAL NOUNS INTO UZBEK
The present study examines the phonetic and morphological adaptation of Latin-based medical nouns into Uzbek, focusing on the mechanisms through which international medical terminology is integrated into the Uzbek linguistic system. The research analyzes key adaptation strategies, including transliteration, phonetic modification, and morphological restructuring, as well as their interaction with Greek-Latin derivational models. The study also explores the role of cognitive and communicative factors in shaping adapted forms. The findings demonstrate that Uzbek medical terminology is largely influenced by international standards while simultaneously undergoing language-specific phonetic and morphological transformations. The results contribute to the development of translation strategies and standardization practices in medical terminology.
CONTENT OF IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL “READING” LESSONS BASED ON AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH
The process of globalization, as in all spheres, highlights the need to consider the specifics of the modern information environment when organizing primary education. This, in turn, places certain demands on improving the effectiveness of reading lessons to actively familiarize students with social reality. Taking these requirements into account not only creates the necessary pedagogical conditions for developing students' literacy and understanding of the world around them, but also contributes to their effective preparation for social relations and teaches them how to properly operate in the information environment. The article discusses the content and characteristics of improving the effectiveness of “Reading” lessons in primary school.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF KUCHALA SEEDS - SEMINA STRYCHNI AND WATER LILY RHIZOME BELLADONNA LEAVES, ABOVE-GROUND PARTS
This article extensively covers the biological properties, chemical composition and practical importance of kuchala seeds. Kuchala seeds contain biologically active substances, including alkaloids, oils and other organic compounds, which play an important role in the plant's defense mechanisms. During the study, the morphological structure of the seed, germination indicators and resistance to external factors were analyzed. At the same time, it was determined that due to the toxic properties of some of the substances in its composition, it is necessary to use it with caution. In medicine, it is used for metabolic disorders, when the eyes become blurry. Kuchala seeds expand the possibilities of studying and rationally using them on a scientific basis. The article extensively covers the properties of the medicinal plant.
THE COVERAGE OF ALISHER NAVOI’S SOCIAL ACTIVITY IN THE STUDIES OF HAMID OLIMJON
This article examines the social activities of Alisher Navoi based on Hamid Olimjon’s views in Navoi studies. The author interprets Navoi not only as a great poet, but also as a just statesman and a thinker who served for the development of society and the welfare of the people. Through the analysis of the works “Vaqfiya” and “Mahbub ul-Qulub”, the poet’s socio-political views are revealed.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING.
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into higher education has significantly reshaped teaching, learning, and institutional management. Universities worldwide are increasingly adopting AI technologies such as intelligent tutoring systems, learning analytics, chatbots, and generative AI tools to enhance educational experiences and improve institutional efficiency. Despite these advantages, the adoption of AI also raises critical concerns regarding academic integrity, data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the evolving role of educators. This study investigates the impact of AI technologies on higher education through a systematic review of existing research and analysis of current applications in universities. The findings indicate that AI enhances personalized learning, improves student retention through predictive analytics, and supports administrative automation. However, ethical challenges and governance issues remain significant barriers to effective implementation. The study concludes that higher education institutions must develop responsible AI frameworks, invest in faculty training, and strengthen digital literacy among students to ensure that AI supports educational development without compromising academic integrity.
Xidirov Murod, Nasriddinova Muxlisa, Mr. Dandu Jayabharath Reddy
DIGITAL ASSESSMENT TOOLS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING: IMPACTS, EFFECTIVENESS, AND PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
The integration of digital technologies into English Language Teaching (ELT) has significantly altered assessment practices. This paper offers a critical and reflective discussion on the role of digital assessment tools, focusing on their impact, effectiveness, and implications for pedagogy. Rather than relying on purely empirical analysis, the paper adopts an interpretive approach grounded in recent scholarly discussions. It argues that digital assessment tools can support learner engagement, continuous feedback, and personalized learning, but their success is not guaranteed. Their value depends largely on how teachers design and implement them within specific educational contexts. Challenges such as unequal access, ethical concerns, and overdependence on automated systems are also examined. The paper concludes that digital assessment should not replace traditional approaches but should be used thoughtfully to enhance meaningful language learning.
INGLIZ VA O‘ZBEK TILLARIDA BADIIY TASVIR VA IFODA VOSITALARINI UMUMIY TUSHUNCHA
Mazkur maqolada badiiy tasvir va ifoda vositalarni o‘rganilishi, ularning tasnifi va nutq jarayonidagi o‘rni yoritiladi. Badiiy tasvirda til birliklari, jumladan iste’moli cheklangan leksika, dialektal, jargon, argotik va shevaga xos birliklar tilning ijtimoiy va hududiy qatlamlari bilan bog‘liq holda tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada ushbu birliklarning adabiy til bilan munosabati, badiiy asarlardagi funksional vazifasi hamda kommunikativ va estetik ahamiyati ochib beriladi. Tadqiqot jarayonida nostandart birliklarning lug‘aviy, grammatik va fonetik xususiyatlari misollar asosida izohlanadi. Tadqiqot natijalari nostandart til birliklari til boyligini kengaytirishda va nutqning ifodaviyligini oshirishda muhim ahamiyat kasb etishini ko‘rsatadi.
Turg‘unboyeva Mohlaroyim Abduvohid qizi,Axunov Muqumjon Muhammadaminovich
SELF-EMPLOYED INDIVIDUALS AS PARTIES TO ECONOMIC DISPUTES: A SCIENTIFIC AND LEGAL ANALYSIS
The rapid transformation of the global economy, driven by the digitalization of labor and the rise of the “gig economy” has led to the emergence of a unique economic subject: the self-employed individual. This article examines the legal status of self-employed individuals within the framework of economic disputes. It analyzes the dual nature of their activities, which oscillate between entrepreneurial and labor-like characteristics, and explores the resulting jurisdictional and procedural complexities. Through a review of scientific literature and judicial practice, the article highlights the ongoing polemics regarding the protection of “economically dependent” self-employed individuals and the criteria for distinguishing genuine self-employment from “sham” arrangements. The study concludes with recommendations for legislative refinement to ensure legal certainty and equitable dispute resolution.
INTEGRATION OF INNOVATIONS AND TRADITIONS AS A BASIS FOR IMPROVING THE SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS
This article examines the issues of enhancing the spiritual and moral education of students in higher education institutions through the deep integration of innovative technologies (VR, AR, digital platforms, mobile applications) and national traditions (the heritage of Alisher Navoi, Amir Temur, Navruz, hospitality, family values). Modern digital tools ensure the “living” transmission of traditional values, contributing to the deeper formation in students of independent thinking, patriotism, honesty, and responsibility. The integrated approach transforms spiritual education from a boring lecture into a lively, interactive process and strengthens the inner world of young people. Practical examples, challenges, and solutions are provided along with recommendations. The research findings are of significant importance for elevating spiritual education in higher education to a new level.
HEREDITARY FEATURES AND RISK FACTORS OF DOWN SYNDROME
This article presents a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the genetic inheritance patterns of Down syndrome and the major risk factors influencing its development. As the primary genetic basis of the disorder, trisomy of chromosome 21 is highlighted, and the mechanisms of its occurrence are scientifically explained in relation to chromosomal segregation errors, particularly nondisjunction. The study compares the genetic characteristics of different forms of Down syndrome, including complete trisomy, translocation, and mosaic variants. It is emphasized that the translocation form may, in some cases, involve partial heritability, while the importance of genetic counseling and karyotype analysis is also underlined. The main factors contributing to the development of the condition are analyzed, including maternal age and genetic errors during gametogenesis. Environmental factors are also considered from a biological and genetic perspective in terms of their direct impact on the genetic stability of cells and gametes. Ionizing radiation, such as ultraviolet and radioactive exposure, may increase the likelihood of mutations in the DNA of male and female gametes, leading to errors in chromosomal segregation. Certain chemical agents, including pesticides, heavy metals, and pharmacological substances, may cause genetic damage to gametes or embryonic cells during early developmental stages. Additionally, environmental stressors such as high temperature and oxidative stress can contribute to abnormal chromosomal segregation during cell division. Scientific studies indicate that in women over the age of 35, the genetic stability of gametes decreases, and when combined with environmental factors, the risk of chromosomal abnormalities significantly increases. Furthermore, the article discusses modern prenatal diagnostic methods, including ultrasound examination, biochemical screening, and invasive techniques, which enable early detection of Down syndrome. The obtained findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the etiopathogenesis, inheritance patterns, and preventive strategies of the disease, and are of significant importance in clinical medical practice.
Makhmudova Madina Ma’murovna, Maksumova Munura Abduganiyevna
COGNITIVE MECHANISMS OF THOUGHT FORMATION IN THE PROCESS OF SPEECH PRODUCTION
This study explores the cognitive mechanisms underlying thought formation during speech production, with a particular focus on pedagogical implications for language learning and teaching. Speech production is not merely a linguistic act but a complex cognitive process involving conceptualization, formulation, and articulation. Drawing on psycholinguistic theories, including Levelt’s model of speech production and Vygotskian perspectives on inner speech, the paper examines how ideas are generated, structured, and verbalized in real time. The analysis highlights the interaction between working memory, attention, and linguistic competence in shaping coherent speech. From a pedagogical standpoint, the study emphasizes the importance of fostering learners’ cognitive and metacognitive strategies to enhance fluency and accuracy. It argues that effective language instruction should integrate activities that develop thought organization, lexical access, and syntactic structuring simultaneously. The findings suggest that improving speech production requires not only linguistic knowledge but also the development of cognitive control mechanisms, thereby bridging the gap between thought and language in educational contexts.