International Multidisciplinary Journal for Research & Development
International Multidisciplinary Journal for Research & Development (IMJRD) is a scholarly publication that provides a platform for academics, researchers, and professionals from various disciplines to share their innovative research and development ideas. The journal aims to promote interdisciplinary research and collaborations across different fields, including but not limited to science, engineering, technology, social sciences,history and humanities. Subject Area Covered:- Sustainable development and environmental studies, Biotechnology and biomedical engineering, Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data science, Materials science and engineering, Energy, power systems, and renewable energy sources, Economics, finance, and business management, Education and learning technologies, Health sciences and healthcare management, Social sciences, and humanities, Information technology and cybersecurity, Robotics and Automation, Agriculture and food science, Transportation and logistics, Urban planning and architecture, Psychology and behavioral sciences.
INFLUENCE OF THE BIOLOGICAL MEDIUM "ZAMIN-M" ON THE ACTIVITY OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION FERMENTS IN POTATO TUBERS DURING THE STORAGE PERIOD.
This article examines the effect of the Rhizobacterium-based biological agent "Zamin-M" on the antioxidant defense system and enzymatic activity of potato tubers during storage. During the study, the dynamics of activity in the main oxidative-reducing enzymes—peroxidase, catalase, and polyphenol oxidase—were analyzed within the tuber cells. Laboratory results indicate that biological treatment regulates oxidative stress in tubers and ensures stable high activity of antioxidant enzymes. This allows for the slowing down of cell membrane degradation and the formation of induced resistance to phytopathogens. The article scientifically substantiates the fundamental importance of the biological agent in regulating potato tuber metabolism.
Sayyora Sobirovna Murodova,Khojanazarova Mo'tabar Koshakovna
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
FAMILY, EDUCATION, AND MEDIA: THE INTERACTION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INSTITUTIONS OF SOCIALIZATION
The article analyzes the role and interaction of the institutions of family, education and media in the process of socialization. The family, as a primary institution, forms the initial values and norms of behavior of the individual, while education and media, as secondary institutions, expand knowledge, worldview and communicative experience. The cooperation and conflicts between these institutions in the context of globalization and digital communication are considered. Finally, recommendations are made on strengthening media literacy, educational integration and national-spiritual content.
PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMANS AND TECHNOLOGY IN MODERN SOCIETY
The rapid development of technology has profoundly transformed human life, reshaping social relations, modes of communication, and forms of knowledge. While technological progress offers unprecedented opportunities for improving living standards and expanding human capabilities, it also raises complex philosophical questions about human identity, autonomy, and ethical responsibility. This article explores philosophical perspectives on the relationship between humans and technology in modern society. By analyzing classical and contemporary philosophical approaches, the study examines both the empowering and alienating effects of technology and emphasizes the need for ethical reflection in guiding technological development.
INTELLIGENT CONTROL SYSTEMS IN RAILWAY TRANSPORT
Intelligent control systems are revolutionizing railway operations by improving safety, punctuality, and energy efficiency. This paper discusses smart signaling technologies, predictive maintenance algorithms, and automation in modern railway networks.
PATHOLOGICAL-ANATOMICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA AND IMPROVEMENT OF TREATMENT APPROACHES
Chronic suppurative otitis media is one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the middle ear and remains an important problem in otorhinolaryngology. The disease is characterized by persistent inflammation, tympanic membrane perforation, purulent discharge, and progressive pathological changes in the middle ear mucosa and surrounding structures. Pathological-anatomical and immunohistological changes play a key role in the chronic course of the disease, recurrence, and development of complications. This article analyzes the morphological and immunohistological features of chronic suppurative otitis media and discusses approaches to improving treatment. The results indicate that chronic inflammation, epithelial metaplasia, granulation tissue formation, fibrosis, and immune cell infiltration are important mechanisms in disease progression. Comprehensive treatment based on accurate diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, surgical correction, and immunological evaluation may improve clinical outcomes.
B. S. Mamajanov,Nabiyev Sherozbek Shuxratjon ugli
THE ROLE OF PARALINGUISTIC MEANS IN EXPRESSING POLITICIENESS IN THE KARAKALPAK LANGUAGE.
This article analyzes the role of paralinguistic devices in expressing politeness in the Karakalpak language from a scientific perspective. Paralinguistic tools are nonverbal communication elements, including intonation, voice intonation, facial expressions, gestures, and body language. The article reveals the properties of these devices in expressing politeness in the process of communication, as well as their social and cultural significance. At the same time, the interrelationship of verbal and nonverbal means in the Karakalpak language, their communicative significance, and national characteristics are examined. As a result of the research, along with the role of paralinguistic means in expressing the category of politeness, their role in the formation of speech culture is determined. This work will serve to enrich the field of linguistics, communication theory, and linguoculturology.
MIND AND BEING: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONSCIOUSNESS AND REALITY
The relationship between consciousness and being is one of the fundamental problems of philosophy. This issue concerns whether consciousness determines reality or whether reality exists independently of human perception. The debate has historically divided philosophers into materialists and idealists, while contemporary philosophy explores dualism and physicalism. This article analyzes major philosophical perspectives on the relationship between mind and being and evaluates their implications for epistemology and metaphysics. The study concludes that although materialist approaches dominate modern science, the problem remains open and philosophically significant.
PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF DEVELOPING CRITICAL THINKING IN STUDENTS
This article discusses the psychological mechanisms that underlie the development of critical thinking among students. The study emphasizes that the ability to think critically is not an innate quality but a cognitive and emotional skill that can be developed through systematic psychological and pedagogical approaches. It focuses on the interaction between cognitive flexibility, metacognition, motivation, and emotional regulation as core factors influencing the growth of critical reasoning. The article also explores the role of teachers in creating an educational environment that fosters analytical and independent thinking. The research highlights that dialogic learning, reflective questioning, and problem-based activities significantly enhance students’ capacity for logical reasoning and decision-making.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MOTIVATION AND ATTENTION IN DIGITAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS
This article explores how motivation and attention operate within digital education settings. It highlights the challenges of maintaining focus, cognitive engagement, and self-discipline in virtual classrooms. The study identifies intrinsic motivation, gamification, and self-regulated learning as key psychological drivers of success in online education.
“KIMYO INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY in TASHKENT”
Gallstone disease (GSD), or cholelithiasis, is a chronic condition in which stones form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. This review article focuses on the new classification, existing treatment methods, and early diagnosis of the disease.
Tursunov M.V Buvayeva D.KH, Kamolova F.E Komilova U.M
O‘ZBEKISTONDA MUQOBIL ENERGIYA MANBALARIDAN FOYDALANISH ISTIQBOLLARI
Mazkur maqolada O‘zbekiston Respublikasida muqobil va qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalaridan foydalanish istiqbollari, hozirgi holati va davlat siyosati tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqot davomida quyosh, shamol, gidroenergetika manbalarining mamlakat hududi bo‘yicha taqsimlanishi va potentsiali baholangan, shuningdek 2024–2025 yillardagi yirik loyihalar va ularning iqtisodiy hamda ekologik samaralari ochib berilgan. Tadqiqot natijalariga ko‘ra, O‘zbekiston tabiiy resurslar, davlat siyosati va xalqaro investitsiyalar uyg‘unligi tufayli 2030 yilga qadar elektr energiyasi ishlab chiqarishda qayta tiklanadigan manbalar ulushini 40–54 foizgacha yetkazish imkoniyatiga ega. Shu bilan birga, energiya saqlash tizimlari, tarmoqni modernizatsiyalash va malakali kadrlar tayyorlash sohalarida tizimli sa’y-harakatlar zarurligi asoslangan.
PREGNANCY DURING THE COVID-19 CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC. RISKS AND IMPACTS ON THE UNBORN CHILD
Pregnancy is a special time, full of excitement and anticipation, for every woman. But for expectant mothers, fear, anxiety, and uncertainty are overshadowing this joyful time due to the current COVID-19 situation. Pregnant women with COVID-19 experience significantly worse outcomes from both pregnancy and the coronavirus infection. These mutually complicating effects significantly increase the risk of maternal mortality. However, if a pregnant woman is infected with COVID-19, the risk of severe infection does increase. This is not least because during pregnancy, the expectant mother's body undergoes physiological changes that suppress the immune response — to prevent rejection of the fetus, which is, after all, "a semi-foreign implant".
THE USE OF INNOVATIVE METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES IN DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ KNOWLEDGE
This article provides a comprehensive discussion of the theoretical and practical aspects of using innovative methods and technologies in developing students’ knowledge. It analyzes the role of innovative pedagogical technologies in improving the effectiveness of education, as well as in developing students’ independent thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills. The article also highlights the importance of interactive methods, problem-based learning, project-based learning, information and communication technologies, and interdisciplinary integration in the modern educational process.
OVARIAN CANCER: MORPHOLOGY, CLINICAL FEATURES AND MODERN APPROACHES TO SCREENING AND PREVENTION
This article comprehensively analyzes ovarian cancer, one of the most complex problems of gynecological oncology. The article covers the morphological classification of the disease, in particular, the histological features of epithelial and non-epithelial tumors and the mechanisms of their development. Special attention is also paid to the clinical features associated with the latent course of symptoms in the early stages of the disease and the difficulties in differential diagnosis. The main part of the article is devoted to the assessment of the effectiveness of modern screening methods, including the CA-125 tumor marker, transvaginal ultrasound and multimodal approaches. The article also discusses innovative strategies for disease prevention through the identification of hereditary predisposition (BRCA1/2 genes) and the importance of preventive surgery. The study findings indicate the need for an integrated approach to early detection of ovarian cancer and improving patient survival.
THE ROLE OF MUSEUM EXCURSIONS IN PROMOTING CULTURAL HERITAGE
The article analyzes museum excursions as one of the most effective mechanisms for promoting cultural heritage. Excursions strengthen intergenerational continuity through lively and scientifically grounded narratives about historical and cultural objects. Theoretical and practical aspects are examined based on Uzbekistan’s experience (Cultural Heritage Agency and state museums) and international standards (ICOM, UNESCO). Special attention is paid to the advantages of museum staff performing guiding functions and a comparative analysis with tour guide. The purpose of the study is to reveal the cultural-educational and promotional significance of museum excursions and to propose ways for their further development.
Amanxodjayeva Gulnora Nigmatdjanovna, Dilnoza Bo‘riyeva
IMPROVING EARLY DETECTION AND TREATMENT OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most widespread viral infections globally and represents a major etiological factor in the development of cervical cancer and other anogenital and oropharyngeal malignancies. This study aims to evaluate modern approaches to the early detection of HPV infection and to identify strategies for improving its diagnosis and treatment. HPV infects epithelial tissues and may remain asymptomatic; however, persistent infection with high-risk types, particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18, can lead to the development of precancerous lesions and invasive cancer through the action of viral oncoproteins that disrupt normal cell cycle regulation. The results of this study demonstrate that early detection methods have significantly evolved, with HPV DNA testing showing higher sensitivity compared to conventional cytological screening. Combined approaches, such as co-testing, provide optimal diagnostic accuracy by integrating molecular and cytological methods. Additionally, the use of biomarkers such as p16INK4a and Ki-67 improves the differentiation between transient infections and clinically significant lesions, thereby enhancing clinical decision-making. From a therapeutic perspective, early-stage HPV-related lesions can be effectively treated using minimally invasive procedures, including cryotherapy, laser ablation, and loop electrosurgical excision. However, these methods do not eliminate the virus itself, which has led to the development of novel immunotherapeutic approaches and therapeutic vaccines aimed at targeting viral persistence. Preventive strategies, particularly HPV vaccination, have demonstrated substantial effectiveness in reducing infection rates and the incidence of HPV-related diseases, although challenges related to accessibility and coverage remain. In conclusion, improving early detection and treatment of HPV infection requires an integrated approach combining advanced diagnostic technologies, effective treatment modalities, and comprehensive preventive measures. Continued research and public health efforts are essential to reduce the global burden of HPV-related diseases and improve patient outcomes.
Aliyeva Sayyoraxon Qobiljon kizi, Asrankulova D.B.
PRAGMATIC TYPOLOGY OF THE FUNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC FIELD OF DEGREE IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
This study explores the pragmatic typology of the functional-semantic field (FSF) of degree in English and Uzbek, focusing on how gradability, intensity, and comparison are expressed and interpreted across two typologically different languages. The concept of degree is treated as a universal semantic category realized through a range of linguistic means, including morphological forms, lexical items, and syntactic constructions. The research aims to identify both common patterns and language-specific features in the expression of degree, as well as to analyze the role of pragmatic factors in shaping its meaning. The findings demonstrate that English primarily relies on analytic and morphological devices, such as comparative and superlative forms and intensifiers, while Uzbek employs agglutinative mechanisms, lexical markers, and expressive forms such as reduplication. Despite these structural differences, both languages share a common semantic core based on scalarity and gradation. However, the interpretation of degree is highly context-dependent and influenced by speaker intention, discourse context, and cultural norms. The study also shows that degree expressions serve not only as markers of quantitative or qualitative comparison but also as pragmatic tools for expressing evaluation, emphasis, politeness, and implicature. The functional-semantic field of degree is organized into core and peripheral zones, where core elements provide basic gradation and peripheral elements introduce stylistic and contextual variation. Uzbek demonstrates a stronger tendency toward expressive and emphatic usage, while English often relies on more implicit and context-driven strategies. In conclusion, the research highlights the importance of integrating semantic and pragmatic approaches in the study of degree and contributes to a deeper understanding of cross-linguistic variation in functional-semantic categories. The results have practical implications for language teaching, translation, and intercultural communication.
IMPROVING THE MANAGEMENT OF PREGNANCY IN WOMEN WITH PURULENT-INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
This study investigates the improvement of pregnancy management in women diagnosed with purulent-inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract. These conditions, including sinusitis, tonsillitis, and pharyngitis, pose significant risks during pregnancy due to physiological and immunological changes that increase susceptibility to infection. The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive management approach combining safe antimicrobial therapy, local treatment, and continuous maternal–fetal monitoring.The study was conducted as a clinical observational analysis involving pregnant women with upper respiratory tract infections. Diagnostic methods included clinical examination, laboratory testing, and instrumental assessment. The treatment strategy was based on evidence-based protocols, ensuring both maternal safety and fetal well-being. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in symptom severity and duration, as well as normalization of inflammatory markers. Importantly, no significant increase in adverse obstetric outcomes was observed in the treated group.The findings highlight the importance of early diagnosis, rational pharmacotherapy, and a multidisciplinary approach in managing such conditions during pregnancy. Continuous fetal monitoring using ultrasound and cardiotocography played a key role in ensuring favorable outcomes. Although the study confirmed the safety and effectiveness of the proposed approach, further large-scale research is recommended to refine clinical guidelines.In conclusion, optimized management of purulent-inflammatory upper respiratory tract diseases in pregnant women contributes to improved maternal health and safe pregnancy outcomes.
Kadirova Nargiza Oybekovna, Kasimova Shaxnoza Oybekovna
REGIONAL INTEGRATION AND ECONOMIC SECURITY
This study examines the impact of regional economic integration on economic security in Uzbekistan within the context of digital transformation. The research focuses on evaluating the level of economic integration using key indicators such as economic openness, intra-industry trade, and digital integration. The findings reveal that Uzbekistan has experienced a gradual increase in economic openness, reflecting deeper participation in regional and global markets. At the same time, the results indicate that integration processes are uneven across regions, with highly integrated areas contributing more to economic growth but remaining more vulnerable to external shocks. The analysis also shows that digitalization plays a significant role in enhancing integration by improving connectivity and efficiency, while introducing new risks related to cybersecurity and technological dependence. The study highlights the dual nature of integration, emphasizing the need for balanced policies aimed at strengthening economic resilience, reducing regional disparities, and ensuring long-term economic stability in an increasingly interconnected economic environment.
ECO-GEOGRAPHICAL MAPPING OF URBAN GREEN BIOMASS DYNAMICS USING NDVI, EVI, AND LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE: A CASE STUDY OF TASHKENT
Urban green biomass plays a critical role in regulating the ecological and thermal environment of rapidly urbanizing cities. This study aims to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of urban green biomass and its relationship with land surface temperature (LST) in Tashkent using remote sensing techniques. Multispectral satellite data from Landsat 8/9 were processed within the Google Earth Engine platform for the period 2015–2025. Vegetation indices, including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), were calculated to quantify green biomass distribution and dynamics. Additionally, LST was derived to evaluate the thermal environment of the study area. The results indicate a general decreasing trend in NDVI and EVI values over the study period, suggesting a gradual reduction in urban green biomass. In contrast, LST exhibits an increasing trend, highlighting intensifying urban heat island effects. The correlation analysis between NDVI and LST reveals a negative relationship (R² ≈ 0.10), indicating that areas with higher vegetation density tend to have lower surface temperatures. However, the relatively weak correlation suggests that additional factors, such as urban structure and land use patterns, also influence thermal dynamics. The findings demonstrate the importance of integrating vegetation indices and thermal data for urban ecological monitoring and provide valuable insights for sustainable urban planning and green infrastructure development.
Elvina Ermakhametova,Meyliyeva Xodicha,Baratova Maftuna,Ishmurodova Sojida
MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESSING ALGORITHMS BASED ON REAL-TIME MONITORING OF RADIATION AND DUST PARAMETERS
The potential radiation exposure of a person or worker in workshops covered with crushed mining dust mainly comes from two sources: the first is external gamma radiation generated by radionuclides in raw materials and the second is internal radiation resulting from inhalation of radon and its decay products. An assessment model was developed to predict the amount of gamma radiation from the radiation of crushed sand in the workshop and its movement in the air. In this case, internal radiation resulting from inhalation of radon and its decay products was calculated using data on radon emissions.
COGNITIVE SCIENCE SHOWS THAT OUR BODILY EXPERRIENCES PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN SHAPING HOW WE UNDERSTAND AND USE LANGUAGE
This article delves into the emerging area of embodied cognition and its effects on language understanding. It analyzes the foundational theories behind embodied cognition, emphasizing the role of sensorimotor experiences in shaping our comprehension and interpretation of language. We also summarize important empirical research that shows how physical states and movements impact different elements of language processing, including understanding metaphors, spatial language, and action verbs. In conclusion, we address the consequences of embodied cognition for theoretical frameworks of language as well as practical fields like language education and rehabilitation.
ISSUES OF PRESERVING UZBEK NATIONAL REALIA IN THEIR ORIGINAL FORM WHEN TRANSFERRING INTO FOREIGN LANGUAGES
This article examines the theoretical foundations of national-cultural vocabulary, national realia, and exoticisms. It also analyzes the problems arising in the process of transferring Uzbek non-equivalent lexical units into foreign languages, particularly issues related to transliteration, phonetic adaptation, and cultural loss. The findings of the study demonstrate the necessity of preserving national realia in forms as close as possible to the original.
This article examines the role of nonverbal means in 19th and 20th century English literature, focusing on how gestures, facial expressions, silence, spatial distance, touch, and paralinguistic features function as significant narrative tools that reveal character psychology, social hierarchy, and cultural values. By analysing selected works of Jane Austen, Charlotte Brontë, Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy, Ernest Hemingway, Virginia Woolf, D. H. Lawrence, E. M. Forster, Henry James, and Oscar Wilde, the study demonstrates that nonverbal communication often conveys emotional and thematic meanings that remain beyond the limits of spoken language. The article argues that the literary representation of nonverbal behaviour reflects broader historical changes in social norms, psychological thought, and artistic technique, while also deepening the reader’s understanding of human interaction in fictional discourse.
NATURAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF MIRISHKOR DISTRICT
This article comprehensively analyzes the natural and geographical features of the Mirishkor district. During the study, the geographical location, climate, relief, soil cover, water resources, and specific aspects of the flora and fauna of the region were studied. The results show that the region is mainly a desert and semi-desert landscape, characterized by sharply continental climatic conditions, low rainfall, and limited water resources. At the same time, agriculture is developing through irrigation systems. The results of the study are of great importance in the effective use of the territory, reducing environmental problems, and ensuring sustainable development.
Choriyeva Charos Gaybulla kizi,Farkhodova Mohina Shukhrat kizi
This article highlights the importance of personal finance and financial literacy in daily life. From a managerial perspective, the author analyzes employees' concerns regarding retirement and the future, providing strategic recommendations on income management, establishing a "financial safety net," and the proper utilization of banking services. Furthermore, the article examines five common mistakes in the process of saving money—ranging from unjustified frugality to the lack of clear goals—and proposes specific solutions. The article is intended for readers aiming to achieve financial freedom and create sources of passive income.
HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT: SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND EMPIRICAL APPROACH
This article comprehensively analyzes the concept of human capital from the perspective of modern social sciences, in particular sociology. Although human capital is considered as a category formed within the framework of economic theory, the article expands its content and studies its interrelation with the system of social relations, institutional environment and cultural factors. From this perspective, human capital is interpreted not only as a set of knowledge and skills, but also as a multidimensional social construct formed in the process of socialization, dependent on the distribution of resources and opportunities available in society.
Kholov Abduqodir,Alikariyev Nuriddin Safarkarievich
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND THEIR PREVENTION: APPROACHES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent one of the most critical challenges in contemporary medicine and global public health, distinguished by their widespread prevalence and their dominant contribution to overall mortality rates worldwide. The present study provides a comprehensive and systematic examination of the etiological determinants, underlying pathogenetic mechanisms, and epidemiological characteristics of CVDs, alongside an evaluation of current evidence-based preventive strategies. Particular emphasis is placed on the detrimental effects of insufficient physical activity, unhealthy dietary patterns, chronic psycho-emotional stress, and harmful behavioral habits on the structural and functional integrity of the cardiovascular system. Furthermore, this paper elucidates the fundamental components of a health-promoting lifestyle—including рационal nutrition, consistent physical exercise, maintenance of psycho-emotional stability, and регуляр preventive medical surveillance—and highlights their pivotal role in mitigating the onset and progression of cardiovascular pathology. The analysis of contemporary research data indicates that a substantial proportion of cardiovascular diseases is attributable to modifiable risk factors. Consequently, the широк implementation of targeted preventive interventions has the potential to significantly reduce both the incidence and the overall burden of these conditions at the population level.
Sattarova Sarvinoz, Isroilova O’g’iloy, Isroilov SHohmirzo, Abdullayev SHaxzod,Kamilov D. Y., Valiyev Y. Y.
This systematic review synthesizes peer-reviewed and policy literature (2025–2026) on drone-based last-mile delivery, emphasizing economic viability, life-cycle environmental impacts, and regulatory constraints. A structured search across Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect and selected policy portals yielded 32 studies for in-depth analysis. Results show that unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide meaningful operational advantages — notably delivery speed and reach for lightweight and urgent shipments — while environmental benefits are conditional on operational context and energy sources. Techno-economic studies indicate drones are financially attractive in niche applications (medical, emergency, remote delivery), but high capital expenditures, infrastructure needs, and regulatory fragmentation limit scale-up. The review concludes with concrete policy and business recommendations and highlights priority research directions, including integrated LCA–TEA–network modeling and large-scale real-world pilots.
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF CONVERGENCE FOR OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHMS IN NEURAL NETWORK TRAINING.
This paper presents a rigorous mathematical analysis of the convergence properties of key optimization algorithms used in neural network training. The study investigates the dynamics of Gradient Descent (GD), Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD), and Adam within non-convex loss landscapes. The analysis reveals that stochastic methods possess a distinct advantage in escaping saddle points via gradient noise, while adaptive methods significantly accelerate the convergence rate through coordinate-wise normalization. The results provide a theoretical foundation for the trade-off between optimization speed and the generalization capability of deep learning models.
FORMING POSITIVE MORAL QUALITIES IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN THROUGH THEATRICAL ACTIVITIES: PATRIOTISM, HONESTY, AND KINDNESS.
This thesis examines the pedagogical potential of theatrical activities (staging, dramatization, role-playing) as an effective means of shaping positive moral qualities—specifically patriotism, honesty, and kindness—in preschool children (ages 3–7). Drawing on Vygotsky’s theory of play and social development, Bandura’s social learning theory, and the principles of socio-emotional learning (SEL), the study argues that theatrical activity creates a unique “emotional–moral laboratory” in which children can experience, practice, and internalize core values in a safe and engaging context. Through action research conducted in three preschools in Uzbekistan (N=120 children), qualitative and observational data were collected to analyze changes in children’s moral reasoning, empathic behavior, and value-oriented language. Results indicate that a structured program of patriotic, honesty-themed, and kindness-centered dramatizations led to a measurable increase in prosocial behaviors, more nuanced understanding of social virtues, and stronger identification with national and ethical narratives. The study concludes with practical recommendations for preschool educators on designing value-based theatrical activities that align with national educational goals and universal moral development.
CLINICAL POLYMORPHISM AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ENTEROVIRUS INFECTIONS
Among acute infectious diseases the pathologies caused by enteroviruses are distinguished by their extraordinary clinical polymorphism. This research article analyzes in detail the various clinical manifestations of enterovirus infections and explores the differential diagnostic criteria for distinguishing them from other etiologically similar diseases. The main focus is placed on the complex processes where a single virus serotype can cause many different syndromes and different serotypes can cause the same clinical condition. During the study the course of major clinical forms such as hand foot and mouth disease, herpangina, aseptic meningitis and myocarditis were examined. The results indicate that the correct application of modern molecular diagnostic methods such as the polymerase chain reaction and the early identification of specific clinical signs of the disease are of crucial importance in preventing unnecessary antibiotic therapy and providing timely adequate care to patients.
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN PHILOLOGICAL RESEARCH
This article examines the role of artificial intelligence in modern philological research. In recent years, artificial intelligence technologies, especially natural language processing, machine translation systems, corpus linguistics tools and large language models, have become increasingly important in the study of language, literature, text, discourse and cultural communication. Philology, as a field that traditionally relies on textual analysis, historical-comparative methods, interpretation and linguistic description, is now entering a new methodological stage under the influence of digital technologies. Artificial intelligence enables researchers to process large volumes of textual data, identify lexical and semantic patterns, compare linguistic units across languages, analyze stylistic features and create digital corpora for further investigation. At the same time, the use of artificial intelligence in philology requires critical thinking, methodological caution and ethical responsibility, because machine-generated results may contain inaccuracies, cultural bias or contextual limitations.
THEORETICAL STUDY RESULTS OF THE MOTION OF A COTTON LUMP AFTER IMPACT COLLISION WITH DRUM PEGS
The article presents a theoretical analysis of the motion patterns of cotton swabs under the influence of impact interaction with the long-pegged drums of a loosening feeder. A system of equations describing the motion trajectories has been developed.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIALOGUE, INTERVIEW, AND CONVERSATION AS COMMUNICATIVE FORMS
This article examines dialogue, interview, and everyday conversation as three related but distinct forms of verbal interaction. The study focuses on their structural organization, participant roles, communicative aims, pragmatic features, and linguistic markers. Although all three forms are based on turn-taking and interaction between speakers, they differ in their degree of planning, the distribution of communicative control, the role of questions, and the level of formality. The article argues that interview is usually a goal-oriented and institutionally organized form of discourse, conversation is a spontaneous and socially motivated form of communication, while dialogue can function as a broader communicative model that includes both natural and constructed exchanges. A comparative table and a conceptual scheme are provided to show the relationship between these forms.
PRAGMATIC ASPECTS OF DISCOURSE IN THE DETECTIVE WORK FOTIMA VA ZUHRA
This article analyzes the pragmatic aspects of discourse in the work Fotima va Zuhra, focusing on its detective elements. The study examines implicature, speech acts, and communicative strategies in the characters’ dialogues. The findings reveal that pragmatic tools play a significant role in plot development and character representation
PRAGMATIC INTENTION IN CHARACTERS’ SPEECH AND ITS REALIZATION IN DETECTIVE DISCOURSE (BASED ON FOTIMA VA ZUHRA)
This article analyzes pragmatic intention in characters’ speech in Fotima va Zuhra and its realization in detective discourse. The study examines implicature, speech acts, presupposition, and communicative strategies as key mechanisms of meaning construction. The findings show that pragmatic tools play a crucial role in plot development, suspense creation, and reader interpretation.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRYPTOCURRENCIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY
This article comprehensively analyzes the formation, stages of development and the impact of cryptocurrencies on the modern economy. In particular, the transformation processes that have occurred in the financial system with the emergence of digital assets such as Bitcoin and Ethereum are studied. The study highlights the role of blockchain technology in transparency, security and reducing transaction costs. It also assesses the role of cryptocurrencies as an investment tool, their impact on monetary policy, and their impact on stability and risk factors in global financial markets. The article also examines the mechanisms for regulating cryptocurrencies based on the experience of different countries, and substantiates their positive and negative effects on economic development. The results of the study serve to draw scientific conclusions on the effective use of cryptocurrencies in the digital economy.
A SUSTAINABILITY-ORIENTED MODEL FOR DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ DECISION-MAKING IN CHEMISTRY EDUCATION
This study examines the effectiveness of a sustainability-oriented instructional model for developing students’ evidence-based decision-making skills in chemistry education. Grounded in competency-based pedagogy and education for sustainable development, the model integrates inquiry-based learning, socio-scientific issues, and structured decision-making within real-life contexts. A quasi-experimental mixed-method design was conducted with 124 secondary school students divided into experimental and control groups. Quantitative data were collected through pre- and post-tests measuring scientific literacy and decision-making competence, while qualitative data included classroom observations, reflective journals, and interviews. Results showed statistically significant improvements in the experimental group in scientific reasoning, use of evidence, evaluation of alternatives, and justification of decisions (p < 0.05), along with increased engagement and sustainability awareness. The study proposes an integrated pedagogical model that connects chemistry learning with real-life decision-making and highlights implications for curriculum design, assessment reform, and competency-based science education.
ENTERPRISES WITH STATE PARTICIPATION: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE AND LESSONS FOR UZBEKISTAN
State-owned enterprises (SOEs) play a significant role in the global economy. This paper analyzes governance models, corporate governance systems, and approaches to improving the efficiency of SOEs based on the experience of foreign countries, particularly China, Singapore, Norway, and South Korea. The study employs comparative analysis and literature review methods. The findings indicate that strong corporate governance, transparency, and the balance between strategic objectives and commercial interests are key determinants of SOE performance. The paper concludes with practical recommendations for Uzbekistan.
BUXGALTERIYA HISOBINING METODI VA BUXGALTERIYA HISOBINING TAMOYILLARI
Mazkur maqolada buxgalteriya hisobining metodi va uning asosiy tamoyillari tizimli ravishda tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda buxgalteriya hisobining metodi tarkibiga kiruvchi hujjatlashtirish, inventarizatsiya, baholash, kalkulyatsiya, ikkiyoqlama yozuv va hisobot tuzish jarayonlari ilmiy asosda yoritiladi. Shuningdek, hisob yuritishda amal qilinadigan asosiy tamoyillar — uzluksizlik, ehtiyotkorlik, ishonchlilik, muvofiqlik hamda davriylik prinsiplari keng ko‘rib chiqiladi. Maqolada zamonaviy iqtisodiy sharoitda buxgalteriya hisobining ahamiyati, uning korxona moliyaviy holatini aks ettirishdagi roli va boshqaruv qarorlarini qabul qilishdagi o‘rni asoslab beriladi. Tahlillar natijasida buxgalteriya hisobining metodlari va tamoyillariga qat’iy rioya etish moliyaviy axborotning aniqligi va shaffofligini ta’minlashda muhim omil ekanligi aniqlanadi.
This article systematically analyzes the theoretical foundations of accounting, in particular its subject and objects. The study sheds light on the economic content of accounting, its role in reflecting economic processes, and its importance in the formation of financial information. Also, economic funds and their sources, as well as economic transactions related to them, are considered as the subject of accounting. The objects are explained in terms of the assets, liabilities, capital, income and expenses of the enterprise, and economic processes. The article reveals the interrelationship and practical significance of these concepts and justifies the role of accounting in modern economic conditions.
FORMING CONDUCTING SKILLS: THE FOCUS AND METHODOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF AUFACT
This article analyzes the theoretical and practical significance of the attention point and the upbeat (auftakt) in conducting art. The study examines the main components of conducting technique, including the initiation, continuation, and completion of performance, and substantiates their role in developing students’ professional competencies. The findings highlight the necessity of a systematic approach to teaching conducting.
This article analyzes the use of game names in Uzbek folk dialects, their phonetic, lexical-semantic, and ethno-cultural characteristics. In the course of the study, the influence of regional variants, synonymic layers, and historical factors on game names is covered on a scientific basis. The significance of game names for dialectological research is also revealed.
PEDAGOGICAL TACT AND PEDAGOGICAL ETIQUETTE: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL FOUNDATIONS
This article analyzes the theoretical foundations of pedagogical tact and pedagogical etiquette, as well as their significance in the educational process. Pedagogical tact is interpreted as the teacher’s ability to establish effective communication with students, correctly assess situations, and maintain appropriateness in pedagogical influence. In addition, pedagogical etiquette is considered as an important factor reflecting the teacher’s adherence to ethical norms in professional activity, speech culture, communication style, and personal example. The article also reveals the interrelation between these two concepts and substantiates the practical aspects of their development. The results of the study are significant for improving the effectiveness of pedagogical activity.
Hasanova Jumagul Ravshan kizi, Olimova Dano Shakirovna
THE LIFE OF MIRZO ULUGBEK AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HIS SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE
This article analyzes the life of Mirzo Ulugbek, his activities in state governance, and his scientific legacy. It highlights the development of science during the Timurid period in the 15th century, the transformation of Samarkand into a major scientific center, and Ulugbek’s achievements in astronomy and mathematics. In particular, the construction of the Samarkand observatory, the scientific observations conducted there, the content of the work “Zij-i Sultani,” and its place in the history of world astronomy are described based on scientific sources. The article also examines the scientific school formed around Ulugbek, his methodological approach, and the connections between Eastern and Western scientific traditions. Furthermore, the importance of Ulugbek’s legacy for modern education and scientific development is substantiated.
CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSFORMATION OF MORAL NORMS IN THE DIGITAL SOCIETY
The article analyzes the philosophical and socio-political foundations of democratic reforms and modernization processes in Uzbekistan, with a special focus on the human-centered approach to development. It discusses the relationship between personal needs, interests, and social stability, emphasizing that human moral and intellectual perfection forms the basis of sustainable progress. The research highlights the reformist policy of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev and its role in shaping a new worldview and civic consciousness in modern Uzbekistan.
Inomxujaeva Sanobarhon Mukhammadixonovna
ENHANCING EFL LEARNERS’ SPEAKING SKILLS THROUGH GAMIFICATION IN A BLENDED LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
This article analyzes the use of gamification elements in a blended learning environment to develop the speaking skills of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. The blended learning model, which combines traditional classroom instruction with digital platforms, increases flexibility in language learning, while gamification enhances learner motivation and engagement. The article discusses various game elements (points, levels, badges, leaderboards) and methods for their application in EFL speaking practice. Furthermore, the effectiveness, advantages, and potential challenges of this approach are examined.
INSTITUTIONAL AND INNOVATIVE MECHANISMS FOR THE FORMATION OF DEPOSIT RESOURCES IN COMMERCIAL BANKS
This article examines the institutional and innovative mechanisms for the formation of deposit resources in commercial banks under conditions of economic reforms. The study highlights the role of deposit resources in ensuring banking system stability, maintaining liquidity, expanding lending capacity, and supporting investment activity. Special attention is given to key indicators of deposit base efficiency, including the volume and growth rate of deposits, maturity structure, cost of attracted resources, diversification level, and the share of deposits in the national currency. The article also analyzes the importance of institutional coordination, the regulatory role of the Central Bank, deposit insurance mechanisms, financial literacy, and public confidence in strengthening the deposit base of commercial banks. In addition, digital banking services, online deposit platforms, mobile applications, remote identification systems, fintech solutions, and Islamic finance instruments are considered as innovative tools for attracting stable and long-term deposit resources. The study develops scientific and practical recommendations for forming a stable, diversified, and competitive deposit base in commercial banks by adapting international best practices to national economic conditions.
METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM OF UZBEKISTAN
This article develops a conceptual model for transforming the higher education system based on public-private partnership (PPP). The study provides a systematic analysis of institutional, economic, and governance mechanisms that shape cooperation between the public and private sectors in the modernization of higher education. The proposed model integrates the strategic regulatory role of the state, the investment and innovation capacity of the private sector, and the institutional autonomy of universities. It aims to enhance higher education infrastructure, improve educational quality, ensure financial sustainability, and strengthen governance effectiveness. The research findings contribute to the advancement of PPP-based governance methodology and provide a scientific foundation for implementing a national model of higher education transformation.
PROTECTING YOUTH FROM MISCONDUCT: LEGAL, SOCIAL, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS
Данная статья посвящена исследованию проблем защиты молодёжи от злонамеренных действий и противоправного поведения. В работе анализируются причины возникновения правонарушений среди молодёжи, социальные, психологические и правовые факторы, способствующие их распространению. Рассматриваются международные и национальные правовые механизмы защиты молодёжи. Исследуется роль семьи, образовательных учреждений и общества в профилактике противоправного поведения. Разработаны конкретные меры по предупреждению правонарушений и практические рекомендации.
LINGUOCULTURAL FEATURES OF PROVERBS AND SAYINGS CONTAINING TOPONYMS AND THE LINGUODIDACTIC FOUNDATIONS OF THEIR TEACHING
This article analyzes the linguocultural characteristics of proverbs and sayings containing toponyms, as well as their role in expressing the interrelationship between language and culture. It also highlights how such units reflect the historical, geographical, and social experience of a nation and emphasizes their importance in intercultural communication. The research employs comparative, semantic, and linguocultural analysis methods to examine equivalent proverbs and sayings across different languages. Furthermore, the article discusses the linguodidactic foundations of using toponymic proverbs and sayings in the educational process and substantiates their role in developing learners ’ communicative and intercultural competencies. The findings demonstrate that these linguistic units possess not only theoretical but also practical significance.
TA'LIM JARAYONIDA O'QUVCHILARNING O'QISH SAVODXONLIGINI OSHIRISH USULLARI
Ushbu tadqiqot zamonaviy ta'lim jarayonida o'quvchilarning o'qish savodxonligini oshirish uchun qo'llaniladigan innovatsion usullar va pedagogik strategiyalarni tahlil qilish, ularning samaradorligini baholashga qaratilgan. Tadqiqot aralash metodologiya asosida amalga oshirildi. Toshkent viloyati 5 ta umumta'lim maktabida 250 nafar 5-9 sinf o'quvchilari ishtirokida eksperimental-tajriba ishi olib borildi. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ko'rsatdiki, tizimli yondashuv asosida qo'llaniladigan o'qish strategiyalari o'quvchilarning o'qish savodxonligi ko'rsatkichlarini 34-42% oshirdi. Raqamli vositalar motivatsiyani 56% oshirdi. O'qish savodxonligini rivojlantirishda kompleks yondashuv, differensiatsiyalashgan ta'lim, zamonaviy texnologiyalardan foydalanish samarali natijalar beradi.
METROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF NITRATES AND HEAVY METALS IN CARROTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE COMPLIANCE OF CARROT SAMPLES FROM DIFFERENT REGIONS WITH STANDARDS (O'Z DST)
This article presents a metrological analysis of nitrate and heavy metal (lead, cadmium, arsenic) content in carrot (Daucus carota L.) samples collected from different geographical regions of Uzbekistan and a comparative assessment of their compliance with the requirements of the national standards (Uz DSt). The relevance of the study is explained by the need to monitor nitrate and heavy metal levels in widely consumed vegetables such as carrots to ensure food safety and protect public health. A total of 60 carrot samples from six different geographical regions (northern, southern, eastern, western, central, and mountainous) were analyzed. Nitrate content was determined by ion chromatography (IC) and molecular absorption spectrophotometry, while heavy metal content was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Metrological characteristics of the measurement results (accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility, limit of detection) were evaluated. The results were compared with the sanitary-epidemiological norms of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the requirements of Uz DSt 1100:2023. According to the study results, 16.7% of the samples exceeded the maximum permissible levels for nitrates, and 33.3% for heavy metals. The highest nitrate content was found in samples from the southern region (362.4±18.3 mg/kg), while the lowest was found in samples from the mountainous region (128.7±9.6 mg/kg). Among heavy metals, lead and cadmium levels were above the norm in carrots grown near industrial areas.
В данной статье рассматриваются теоретические основы динамических эконометрических моделей, их значение в анализе экономических процессов и возможности практического применения. В ходе исследования были изучены методы моделирования экономических показателей, зависящих от временного фактора, а также особенности регрессионных, авторегрессионных и распределённых лаговых моделей. В статье обоснована научная и практическая значимость эконометрических подходов в современных экономических исследованиях, а также раскрыта их роль в процессе принятия экономических решений.
KOREYS TILI VA XALQARO MUNOSABATLAR: TIL DIPLOMATIYASI VA GLOBAL HAMKORLIK OMILI
Mazkur maqolada koreys tilining xalqaro munosabatlar tizimidagi o‘rni, uning diplomatik, iqtisodiy, madaniy va ta’limiy hamkorlikni rivojlantirishdagi strategik ahamiyati keng tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, Janubiy Koreyaning (soft power) siyosati, Hallyu fenomeni, koreys tilining global ommalashuvi hamda O‘zbekiston–Koreya munosabatlarida tilning o‘rni ilmiy jihatdan yoritiladi. Tadqiqot davomida til va xalqaro munosabatlar o‘rtasidagi uzviy bog‘liqlik lingvistik hamda siyosiy nuqtai nazardan asoslab beriladi.
ZAMONAVIY MEHNAT BOZORIDA YOSHLAR BANDLIGI MUAMMOSI VA UNING SABABLARI
Ushbu maqolada zamonaviy iqtisodiy sharoitda yoshlar bandligini ta’minlashning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari, mehnat bozoridagi transformatsion jarayonlar va yosh kadrlar duch kelayotgan asosiy to‘siqlar tadqiq etilgan. Maqolada yoshlar ishsizligining tizimli sabablari, ta’lim tizimi va mehnat bozori o‘rtasidagi nomutanosiblik hamda raqamli iqtisodiyotning bandlik tarkibiga ta’siri tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot yakunida yoshlar bandligini oshirish bo‘yicha ilmiy va amaliy takliflar keltirilgan.
Axmedova N.A,Ulug’bekova Sarvinoz Umirbekovna
This article scientifically analyzes the historical and cultural relationship between the Avesta and ancient Eastern civilization. The study highlights the religious and philosophical essence of the Avesta, its moral concepts, and its influence on the social structure and cultural development of ancient Eastern society. In addition, based on archaeological and historical sources, the role of Zoroastrianism in the civilization processes of Central Asia and neighboring regions is examined.
In this article we are talking about live and artistic carrer of Saodat Kabulova, an Honored Artist of Uzbekistan. It explores her creative work and the repertoire she performed, as well as her pedagogical skills and her professional experiens in teaching students at your educational institutions.
THE ROLE OF TEACHER–STUDENT INTERACTION IN IMPROVING STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
Teacher–student interaction plays a significant role in the educational process and directly influences students’ academic achievement, motivation, and classroom engagement. Effective interaction between teachers and students creates a positive learning environment that encourages participation, critical thinking, and academic development. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of teacher–student interaction in improving students’ academic achievement and to identify the main factors that contribute to successful educational communication. The study is based on the analysis of pedagogical literature, educational observations, and comparative approaches. The findings indicate that supportive communication, feedback, emotional support, and active classroom participation positively affect students’ academic performance. The article concludes that strengthening teacher–student interaction is an essential factor in improving the quality of education and enhancing learning outcomes.
MYTHOLOGICAL REPRESENTATION OF SPACE IN ANGLO-SAXON AND ENGLISH FOLK NARRATIVES
This paper examines the mythological representation of space in Anglo-Saxon and English folk narratives, focusing on the epic Beowulf and the folk tales Robin Hood, Jack the Giant Killer, and The Laidly Worm of Spindleston Heugh. The study analyzes how spatial images such as forests, halls, swamps, castles, and magical territories function within folklore narratives and reflect cultural beliefs and mythological worldview. Through comparative analysis, the research demonstrates that space in these texts is closely connected with concepts of danger, heroism, civilization, and the supernatural. The findings reveal that mythological spaces in English folklore serve as symbolic models of cultural imagination and collective memory.
PROSPECTS FOR POVERTY REDUCTION IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
The rapid expansion of the digital economy is reshaping global development pathways and creating new opportunities for poverty reduction. This study examines how digital technologies contribute to improving income generation, financial inclusion, and human capital development. It also analyzes key challenges such as the digital divide, unequal access to infrastructure, and disparities in digital skills. The findings suggest that while digital transformation enhances economic participation and access to services, its poverty-reducing effects are not automatic and depend on inclusive policies and institutional support. Without targeted interventions, digitalization may reinforce existing inequalities. The study concludes that leveraging the full potential of the digital economy for poverty reduction requires coordinated efforts in infrastructure development, education, and regulatory frameworks to ensure equitable access and sustainable growth.
NATIONAL LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR SOCIAL PROTECTION OF VICTIMS OF VIOLENCE
This article analyzes the national legislative framework for social protection of victims of violence, mechanisms for ensuring their rights and freedoms, the activities of state bodies and social institutions in this area. It also discusses the current legislative documents on the prevention of violence, assistance to victims and their rehabilitation, and their practical significance.
Habibjonova Dilafro'zhon Bahodirjon kizi
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN KOREAN LANGUAGE EDUCATION IN UZBEKISTAN: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND PRACTICAL
rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has significantly transformed modern educational environments, particularly in the field of foreign language education. AI-powered educational systems, intelligent tutoring platforms, speech recognition technologies, and conversational chatbots are increasingly integrated into language teaching and learning processes worldwide. Korean language education in Uzbekistan is also experiencing the impact of these technological innovations due to the growing interest in Korean language and culture, educational cooperation between Uzbekistan and the Republic of Korea, and increasing demand for Korean language specialists.
THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ITS ROLE IN THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY
This article examines the concept of sustainable development and its role in the international economy from a scientific and analytical perspective. The study explores the theoretical foundations and key principles of sustainable development, focusing on the integration of economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection. Particular attention is given to the impact of sustainable development on global economic processes, including international trade, resource management, and long-term economic growth. The research highlights the importance of transitioning to a green economy, improving resource efficiency, and adopting innovative technologies to ensure environmental sustainability. It also discusses the challenges faced by countries, especially developing economies, in implementing sustainable development strategies due to financial and institutional constraints. The findings suggest that effective international cooperation, strong policy frameworks, and institutional capacity are essential for achieving sustainable development goals. The article provides evidence-based recommendations aimed at promoting sustainable economic development and ensuring global economic stability.
THE EFFECT OF EMPAGLIFLOZIN ON CARDIAC FUNCTIONAL STATUS IN CHRONIC HEART FAILURE
This article presents a comparative study of the effects of various standard treatment regimens on intracardiac hemodynamics and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with chronic heart failure, who were divided into three groups for observation. A highly significant increase in the left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, diastolic volume, and ejection fraction was detected in the third group of patients. This confirms the high cardioprotective effect of sacubitril/valsartan and empagliflozin.
Hikmatov Azam Asatullayevich, Boboyev Nasimjon Malikovich, Eshonqulov Sardor Sindarovich
OBTAINING AND CLASSIFYING PRODUCTS FOR FOLK MEDICINE FROM THE BLACKBERRY (RUBUS) PLANT
This article explores the collection, classification, and application of blackberry (Rubus spp.) plant materials in traditional (folk) medicine. Emphasis is placed on the therapeutic potential of various parts of the plant—berries, leaves, roots, and seeds—based on their phytochemical composition and pharmacological effects. Drawing on contemporary scientific literature and traditional practices, the article highlights the role of blackberry-derived products in gastrointestinal treatment, respiratory ailments, dermatological conditions, and metabolic regulation. It also discusses techniques for harvesting and preparing medicinal forms and reviews promising elite cultivars with enhanced bioactive profiles. The study incorporates findings from research on biochemical content and breeding trends of elite blackberry genotypes for improved medicinal efficacy.
ANALYSIS OF THE EFUsmanova Feruzakhon Bakhadirzhanovna FECT OF MACHINE NEEDLES ON KNITTED FABRICS DURING THE SEWING PROCESS OF BLENDED KNITWEAR
Blended knitted fabrics are characterized by high elasticity and significant deformation properties, and during the sewing process, machine needles have a considerable impact on the fabric structure. Incorrect needle selection or improper sewing parameters may lead to fiber breakage, loop structure damage, reduced seam quality, and the formation of surface defects. Therefore, the scientific study of needle–fabric interaction is highly relevant. In this study, different types of needles (ball point, universal, and stretch) used in sewing blended knitted fabrics were experimentally analyzed. The effects of needle diameter, tip shape, and sewing speed on fabric structure and seam quality were evaluated. Microscopic observations were conducted to determine the level of fiber damage, and quality indicators were compared using statistical analysis. The results showed that ball point needles pass between the loops of knitted fabrics, causing minimal fiber damage and improving seam quality. In contrast, sharp-pointed universal needles tend to cut fibers, increasing the number of defects. It was also found that increasing the needle diameter intensifies fabric deformation. When optimal sewing parameters are selected, defects can be reduced by 20–30%. Thus, proper selection of needle type and technological parameters in sewing blended knitted fabrics is a key factor in improving product quality. Scientifically justified needle selection helps preserve fabric structure, ensure seam strength, and enhance production efficiency.
PHONOLOGICAL ADAPTATION OF ETHNIC TOPONYMS IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES
This article investigates the phonological adaptation of ethnic toponyms in Uzbek and English languages from comparative and ethnolinguistic perspectives. The study examines how geographical names connected with ethnic identity undergo phonetic transformation under the influence of language contact, migration, historical change, and sociocultural interaction. Particular attention is devoted to sound substitution, vowel modification, consonant simplification, stress adaptation, and orthographic transformation in ethnic place names. The research also analyzes the role of phonological adaptation in preserving cultural memory and ethnic identity despite linguistic evolution. The findings demonstrate that Uzbek and English ethnic toponyms preserve historical and cultural information while adapting to the phonetic systems of dominant languages. The article highlights the importance of phonological analysis in understanding the interaction between language, ethnicity, and historical development in toponymic studies.
TEACHING THE “BIOSPHERE” UNIT TO SCHOOL STUDENTS THROUGH THE CLUSTER METHOD
Ushbu maqolada maktab o‘quvchilariga biologiya fanining “Biosfera” bobini klaster metodi yordamida o‘qitishning nazariy asoslari, amaliy usullari va samaradorligi tahlil qilinadi. Klaster metodi – bu o‘quvchilarning mustaqil fikrlashini, tushunchalar o‘rtasidagi bog‘lanishlarni aniqlash va vizual tarzda tizimlashtirishni ta’minlovchi interfaol pedagogik texnologiya hisoblanadi. Maqolada biosfera tushunchasi, uning tarkibiy qismlari, ekologik muammolar va klaster yordamida o‘qitish texnologiyasi batafsil yoritilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ko‘rsatadiki, ushbu metod o‘quvchilarning bilimlarni chuqurroq o‘zlashtirishiga, motivatsiyasini oshirishga va ekologik ongini shakllantirishga yordam beradi. Maqola o‘qituvchilar, metodistlar va talabalar uchun amaliy ahamiyatga ega.
EFFECT OF BIODEGRADABLE MULCH FILM DECOMPOSITION RATE ON ROOT-ZONE MICROCLIMATE AND YIELD FORMATION IN CUCURBIT CROPS UNDER ARID CONDITIONS
Plastic film residues accumulating in agricultural soils represent a significant environmental challenge worldwide, driving demand for biodegradable alternatives. This three-year field study evaluated five commercially available biodegradable mulch films (polylactic acid [PLA], polyhydroxyalkanoate [PHA], thermoplastic starch [TPS], starch-polybutylene adipate terephthalate blend [PBAT], and paper-based mulch) against a conventional low-density polyethylene (LDPE) control on watermelon (Citrullus lanatus cv. 'Crimson Sweet') and cantaloupe (Cucumis melo cv. 'Topmark') plantations in Uzbekistan (40°51′N, 68°43′E). Key microclimate variables root-zone temperature at 5, 15, and 25 cm depths, volumetric soil water content (SWC), and CO₂ flux from soil surface were monitored continuously. Tensile strength degradation kinetics were modelled using a modified Avrami equation. Results showed that PBAT blend films maintained structural integrity for 85–92 days post-installation, matching the critical crop establishment period (65–70 days), while TPS films degraded prematurely within 38–42 days under field UV exposure. Root-zone temperature in PBAT plots was 2.9°C higher than in LDPE plots at 5 cm depth due to increased CO₂ flux from microbial film decomposition. Watermelon marketable yield in PBAT plots reached 41.3 t ha⁻¹, surpassing LDPE (38.6 t ha⁻¹) by 7.0%, with no statistically significant residue detected at harvest (p = 0.08). These findings provide quantitative design criteria degradation half-life, thickness-to-tensile-strength ratio, and UV stabilizer concentration for biodegradable mulch films optimized for arid Central Asian growing conditions.
NAMANGAN SHAHRI MISOLIDA FAST-FUD SHOXOBCHALARI O‘RTASIDAGI NARX RAQOBATI VA ISTE’MOLCHI TANLOVI: MIKROIQTISODIY TAHLIL
Ushbu maqolada Namangan shahri misolida fast-fud industriyasida monopolistik raqobat muhitining shakllanishi va rivojlanishi mikroiqtisodiy nuqtai nazardan tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotning asosiy maqsadi – bozor ishtirokchilari o‘rtasidagi narx va noreal (sifat, brend, xizmat ko‘rsatish) raqobat strategiyalarini o‘rganish hamda iste’molchilarning tanloviga ta’sir etuvchi omillarni aniqlashdan iborat. Ish jarayonida talabning narx bo‘yicha elastikligi va iste’molchi afzalliklari nazariyalari qo‘llanilgan. Tahlillar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, mahalliy bozorda brend sodiqligi va mahsulot differensiallashuvi (turli-tumanligi) narx omilidan ko‘ra kuchliroq ta’sir kuchiga ega. Maqola yakunida kichik biznes sub’ektlari uchun raqobatbardoshlikni oshirish bo‘yicha amaliy tavsiyalar keltirilgan.
ETHNIC AND NON-ETHNIC FEATURES OF TRADITIONAL DISHES OF THE UZBEK PEOPLE
The tradition and history of cooking of the Uzbek people have a long history. Cooking is reflected in the lifestyle, customs, labor activity and climatic conditions of the people. Therefore, the tradition and culture of cooking are an integral part of the general national culture. When studying the cuisine of the Uzbek people, it was found that the food of the sedentary population engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry contains a lot of cereals, fruits and vegetables, and traditional food is prepared from wheat flour. The main part of the diet of ethnic groups engaged in traditional livestock farming is meat and dairy products.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE DEMONSTRATION OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN CHILDREN OF YOUNG SCHOOL AGE
This article studies the characteristics of emotional intelligence in primary school children (6-10 years old) and its psychological aspects. The study analyzes how the main components of emotional intelligence - understanding and managing one's own emotions, empathy and social skills - are formed and developed in primary school children. The results show that the family environment, teacher influence and peer communication play an important role in the emotional development of a child.
​COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WORD FORMATION IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
This research paper provides a comprehensive 15-page analytical exploration of word-formation mechanisms within contemporary English internet discourse and their comparative integration into the Uzbek linguistic system. As digital communication continues to redefine linguistic boundaries, traditional morphological models are undergoing significant transformations. This study identifies and categorizes the most productive models of lexical innovation, including blending, acronymization, and functional shift, while also examining the phenomenon of morphological hybridization within the Uzbek digital segment. By analyzing a vast corpus of data from social media platforms such as Instagram and Telegram, the paper concludes that the "principle of linguistic economy" acts as the primary catalyst for modern linguistic evolution. Furthermore, the study offers pedagogical insights into integrating these digital neologisms into English language teaching methodologies in Uzbekistan.
THE GROWING RELEVANCE OF THE CHINESE LANGUAGE IN UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the importance of the Chinese language in Uzbekistan, focusing on economic cooperation, educational opportunities, cultural exchange, and future prospects. It also addresses the challenges faced by learners and highlights the strategic importance of Chinese language proficiency in the country.
IMPACT OF RECONSTRUCTION OF THE “KO‘RAKLAR” COLLECTOR ON THE AMELIORIATIVE STATE OF IRRIGATED LANDS (On the example of the Gulistan area of Shavot district)
The article analyzes the impact of the reconstruction and systematic repair and restoration measures of the “Ko‘raklar” collector located in the Gulistan area of Shavot district of Khorezm region on the amelioration state of irrigated lands. The study was conducted based on field observations, observation well data, collector water mineralization, salt regime in the 0-100 cm layer of soil, and productivity indicators of the “Qodir Pirmat” farm. The results showed that in 2025, the average annual groundwater level decreased by 11 cm compared to 2024, and during the irrigation period by 18 cm. The volume of groundwater decreased from 15.35 million m³ to 14.52 million m³, the dry residue in groundwater decreased from 2.79 g/l to 2.69 g/l, and the chlorine ion decreased from 0.56 g/l to 0.54 g/l. According to the soil profile, the chlorine ion decreased by 10.3%, and the dry residue decreased by 15.6%. An increase in productivity was recorded for cotton by 2.8 t/ha, for grain by 3.8 t/ha. The results obtained confirm that the reconstruction of collector networks is an important factor in ensuring land reclamation stability, managing the water-salt regime, and increasing the productivity of irrigated areas.
Bekmetov Inomjon O‘ktam ugli, Bekmirzayev Gʻulom
AN EXAMINATION OF STARTUP FINANCING SOURCES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON BUSINESS GROWTH IN UZBEKISTAN
This article explores various sources of startup financing in Uzbekistan and their impact on business growth. It analyzes traditional and alternative financing options, evaluating their effectiveness and accessibility for entrepreneurs in the region.
Mr. Subhadhanuraja G, Eshtemirov Sardor Abdulatif ugli, Shukurov Odilbek Xusan ugli, Lapasov Olimjon Baxtiyor ugli
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ETYMOLOGY OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
This article presents a comparative study of the etymology of phraseological units in English and Uzbek. The research examines historical origins, cultural influences, and semantic development of idiomatic expressions in both languages. It highlights how English phraseological units are shaped by mythology, religion, literature, and historical events, while Uzbek idioms are strongly connected with folklore, Islamic culture, and traditional social life. The study also explores metaphorical structures and cognitive mechanisms underlying phrase formation. Results show that despite structural and cultural differences, both languages share universal patterns of human cognition expressed through figurative language. The research emphasizes the importance of etymological analysis in understanding cultural identity, improving translation accuracy, and supporting intercultural communication.
“KO‘RAKLAR” KOLLEKTORINI REKONSTRUKSIYA QILISHNING SUG‘ORILADIGAN YERLAR MELIORATIV HOLATIGA TA’SIRI (Shovot tumani Guliston hududi misolida)
Maqolada Xorazm viloyati Shovot tumani Guliston hududida joylashgan “Ko‘raklar” kollektorini rekonstruksiya qilish va tizimli ta’mirlash-tiklash tadbirlarining sug‘oriladigan yerlar meliorativ holatiga ta’siri tahlil qilindi. Tadqiqot dissertatsiya ishida olingan dala kuzatuvlari, kuzatuv quduqlari ma’lumotlari, kollektor suvlari mineralizatsiyasi, tuproqning 0-100 sm qatlamidagi tuz rejimi hamda “Qodir Pirmat” fermer xo‘jaligi hosildorlik ko‘rsatkichlariga tayangan holda bajarildi. Natijalar 2025-yilda yer osti sizot suvlari o‘rtacha yillik joylashish sathi 2024-yilga nisbatan 11 sm, sug‘orish davrida esa 18 sm chuqurlashganini ko‘rsatdi. Sizot suvlar hajmi 15,35 mln m³ dan 14,52 mln m³ gacha kamaygan, sizot suvdagi quruq qoldiq 2,79 g/l dan 2,69 g/l gacha, xlor ioni esa 0,56 g/l dan 0,54 g/l gacha pasaygan. Tuproq profili bo‘yicha xlor ioni 10,3 %, quruq qoldiq 15,6 % kamaygan. Hosildorlikda paxta bo‘yicha 2,8 s/ga, g‘alla bo‘yicha 3,8 s/ga o‘sish qayd etilgan. Olingan natijalar kollektor tarmoqlarini rekonstruksiya qilish meliorativ barqarorlikni ta’minlashda, suv-tuz rejimini boshqarishda va sug‘oriladigan maydonlar mahsuldorligini oshirishda muhim omil ekanligini tasdiqlaydi.
Bekmirzayev Gʻulom,Bekmetov Inomjon O‘ktam o‘g‘li
THE ROLE OF TRANSLATION IN SHAPING COMPARATIVE LITERATURE: A CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
Translation plays a central role in shaping comparative literature by enabling texts to move across linguistic and cultural boundaries. This study examines how translation functions as both a mediator and a transformative force in comparative literary studies. Using a qualitative literature review method, the paper analyzes key theoretical works and recent research. The findings demonstrate that translation not only facilitates access to foreign literary texts but also significantly influences interpretation, canon formation, and cross-cultural dialogue. At the same time, challenges such as loss of meaning, translator subjectivity, and issues of equivalence remain critical concerns. The study concludes that translation should be understood as an active, creative, and ideological process that contributes to the development of comparative literature.
BETWEEN ORDER AND FEAR: STRUCTURAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF MYSTERY FICTION
This study examines the relationship between structural order and psychological fear in mystery fiction, emphasizing how narrative design and character psychology influence reader engagement. The introduction presents the genre’s central paradox: it offers logical resolution while generating fear and uncertainty. The methods rely on qualitative literary analysis of selected texts, focusing on plot structure, clues, and characterization from a psychological perspective. The results show that structural elements such as clues and red herrings not only organize the narrative but also intensify suspense and emotional tension. Psychological aspects, including fear of the unknown, further deepen reader immersion. The discussion highlights that balancing order and fear is fundamental to the genre, reflecting human concerns about chaos and control. The study concludes that mystery fiction simultaneously reassures through structure and unsettles through psychological depth.
Khamrokulov Behzod Abdullo o’g’li,Amirova Malika Tursunpo’lat qizi
CAUSES OF OFFENSES IN THE SPHERE OF FAMILY AND DOMESTIC RELATIONS IN MAHALLAS AND THE CONDITIONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THEM
This article presents a deep socio-legal analysis of crimes committed within the framework of family relations. First, the main causes and factors of such crimes, such as economic difficulties, social inequality, low legal culture, psychological pressure, lack of spiritual education, and the use of alcohol and drugs, have been separately considered. Also, the role of such conditions as family turmoil, traditional gender stereotypes, insufficient involvement of law-enforcement bodies in the occurrence of these situations is shown. The article also contains suggestions and recommendations for reducing and preventing such crimes.
THE CONCEPT, TYPES, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF OFFENSES IN THE SPHERE OF FAMILY AND DOMESTIC RELATIONS IN MAHALLAS
This article discusses the essence, types, causes and consequences of violations committed within the framework of family relations. In particular, legal analysis is provided of cases such as domestic violence, forced marriage, violence against minors, and evasion of alimony. The role of internal affairs bodies, civil society institutions and educational institutions in the prevention and early detection of such violations is also revealed.
‘’TECHNICAL MAINTENANCE SYSTEM OF MACHINES AND MECHANISMS’’
This article examines the principles and significance of the technical maintenance system applied to machines and mechanisms in industrial production. The main purpose of the study is to describe how properly organized maintenance activities contribute to improving equipment performance, reducing breakdowns, and ensuring continuous operation of technological processes.The paper explores the main types of maintenance, including preventive, scheduled, and corrective maintenance. It also considers modern approaches such as condition-based monitoring and predictive maintenance supported by digital technologies and automated control systems.Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of timely maintenance in increasing the reliability, safety, and efficiency of industrial equipment. The results indicate that an effective maintenance system helps to reduce operational costs, minimize downtime, and extend the service life of machines and mechanisms.
BARRIERS TO INTERACTION: APPLYING COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING IN LECTURE-BASED UNIVERSITIES
This article explores the barriers to interaction when applying Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in lecture-based universities, particularly in EFL contexts. Although CLT promotes student-centered learning and active communication, traditional lecture methods often limit student participation. The study uses a survey to identify the main factors that reduce classroom interaction. The findings show that large class sizes, lecture-centered traditions, low speaking confidence, limited time, exam-oriented assessment, and inflexible classroom environments restrict communicative activities. The article also suggests gradual strategies to increase interaction. The results highlight the importance of moving from passive learning to interactive communication to improve students’ speaking skills.
MOVING TOWARD STUDENT-CENTERED LEARNING IN UNIVERSITY LANGUAGE TEACHING
This article explores the transition from teacher-centered instruction to student-centered learning in university language teaching. In many higher education institutions, lecture-based methods still dominate classroom practice, limiting students’ active participation and communicative development. The purpose of this study is to describe practical ways teachers can create a student-centered atmosphere that promotes independent learning, responsibility, and active engagement. The article emphasizes learner autonomy, reflective learning, task ownership, formative feedback, and flexible classroom management as key elements of student-centered instruction. Special attention is given to strategies that encourage students to work independently, make decisions about their learning, and practice language in meaningful ways. The paper concludes that student-centered learning increases motivation, improves communicative competence, and develops critical thinking skills in university language classrooms.
ENHANCING SPEAKING SKILLS IN LIGHT INDUSTRY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
This article explores the issues of developing English speaking skills among students in vocational schools specializing in light industry (textiles, garment manufacturing, and design). The research analyzes the integration of industry-specific terminology with the communicative approach. Furthermore, the role of “ESP” (English for Specific Purposes) methodology and the effectiveness of practical simulations in enhancing students' professional competence are substantiated.
AVAILABILITY AND RATIONAL USE OF MEDICINES IN UZBEKISTAN: A NEW CHALLENGE FOR THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
This article analyzes current issues related to access to medicines in Uzbekistan, their economic accessibility, and their rational use. The main idea of the article is that modern medicine is determined not only by the doctor and the hospital, but also by the patient receiving the necessary medicine on time, according to the correct prescription, and at an acceptable price. Despite the fact that the coverage of healthcare services in Uzbekistan has been expanding in recent years, all necessary medicines are still not fully covered, population costs remain high, and regional differences in drug supply and rational use remain. At the same time, the introduction of new legal and organizational mechanisms for the reimbursement system for medicines in 2024 testifies to the beginning of a new stage in this field.
CHANGES IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN DISEASES OF BACTERIAL ETIOLOGY AND MEASURES TO PREVENT AND ELIMINATE THE CHANGES THAT OCCUR
The development and operation of the mammalian immune system and the commensal microbiota interact in a variety of ways in both homeostasis and illness. While the immune system coordinates the preservation of important aspects of host-microbe symbiosis, the microbiome plays crucial roles in the training and development of significant components of the host's innate and adaptive immune system. Imbalances in microbiota-immunity interactions under specific environmental conditions are thought to play a role in the pathophysiology of numerous immune-mediated illnesses in a genetically predisposed host. Here, we go over the characteristics of microbiome-immunity crosstalk and how it affects both health and illness. We also give examples of the molecular processes that control these interactions in the intestine and other extra-intestinal organs. We discuss how these insights may be applied to the future development of microbiome-targeted therapeutic interventions and highlight some of the current knowledge, obstacles, and limitations in obtaining causal understanding of host immune-microbiome interactions and their impact on immune-mediated diseases. As a result, numerous immune system disorders have been thoroughly examined at different stages of a person's life, along with their dependence on internal and external factors of various kinds, their detailed phenomenological characteristics, the impact of various diseases on the development of immune system disorders, and many other significant aspects of this issue.
Nigora Sabitovna Gafurova, Nigina Talat kizi Ilyosboeva
THE IMPORTANCE OF DIGITAL EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION
This article analyzes the role of digital educational technologies in the modern education system and their significance in improving the quality and efficiency of education. It also discusses the advantages of using information and communication technologies in the educational process, distance learning platforms, electronic educational resources, and the impact of interactive pedagogical technologies on students’ learning processes. The results of the study show that the effective use of digital educational tools contributes to improving the quality of education, developing students’ independent thinking skills, and ensuring the efficiency of the pedagogical process.
PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF BILINGUALISM IN CHILDREN
This paper will consider psycholinguistic aspects of bilingualism from two perspectives: the psychology of the individual and social psychology. After a description of the linguistic development of bilingual children, we present research comparing bilingual and monolingual children with respect to cognitive development. Following that, we will discuss the emotional importance of speaking the parents' language and the reasons for bilingual children's relatively high rates of school failure. The role of attitude and motivation in language maintenance and loss, as well as in the acquisition of a second language, will be discussed in the context of social identity theory. The paper will conclude with suggestions for recommendations.
MUSIC AND YOUTH PSYCHOLOGY: THE IMPACT OF MUSIC AT DIFFERENT AGE PERIODS
This article deeply analyzes the role of music in human life and the characteristics of its psychological, educational and aesthetic impact at different age periods. In particular, the processes of formation of worldview, emotional experiences, creative thinking and spiritual values ​​through music in preschool children, adolescents and students are highlighted. Also, the positive impact of music on the human psyche, its importance in reducing stress and its role in youth education are scientifically described. The article reveals the inextricable link between music education and youth psychology.
CAUSES OF WEAKENED IMMUNITY AND ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH
This scientific article provides a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the causes of weakened immunity, its underlying mechanisms, and its impact on the human body from the perspectives of modern immunology, physiology, and pathophysiology. The immune system is considered a complex biological defense mechanism responsible for recognizing and eliminating viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and other foreign agents while maintaining the internal homeostasis of the body. The study thoroughly examines the physiological foundations of innate and acquired immunity, the mechanisms of immune responses, and the role of immune cells such as T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Particular attention is given to the interaction between the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems in maintaining the body’s protective functions. The article analyzes the major factors contributing to immune suppression, including chronic stress, sleep deprivation, physical inactivity, poor nutrition, vitamin and micronutrient deficiencies, harmful habits, and adverse environmental conditions. Special emphasis is placed on the role of stress hormones, particularly cortisol, in suppressing lymphocyte activity and weakening immune responses. Furthermore, the effects of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cardiovascular disorders on immune system function are discussed in detail. It is demonstrated that weakened immunity increases susceptibility to infectious diseases, delays recovery processes, and contributes to chronic inflammatory conditions. The article also highlights that prolonged immune dysfunction may increase the risk of autoimmune disorders and oncological diseases. Preventive strategies aimed at strengthening immunity, including healthy lifestyle habits, balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, and stress management, are extensively discussed. In conclusion, weakened immunity is identified as a significant pathophysiological factor that negatively affects all body systems and substantially reduces overall health and quality of life.
“A STUDY OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PROFESSIONAL MOTIVATION TOWARD CAREER ENGAGEMENT AMONG FUTURE PHYSICIANS”
This scientific article presents a comprehensive analysis of the psychological characteristics of motivation toward professional activity among future physicians based on contemporary scientific approaches. The study examines the mechanisms of professional motivation development, the interaction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors, processes of professional identity formation, and the impact of the medical education environment on students’ personal development. In addition, motivational determinants of medical students’ professional engagement are analyzed through the theoretical frameworks of A. Maslow, D. McClelland, E. Deci, and R. Ryan. Based on international scientific literature, the study highlights key factors influencing the development of professional motivation in medical students, including emotional stability, empathy, communicative competence, stress resilience, and professional values. The findings indicate that students with a predominance of intrinsic motivation demonstrate higher levels of academic engagement, clinical reasoning, independent decision-making, and professional development. Furthermore, the negative effects of academic stress, psycho-emotional strain, and professional burnout on motivational decline are scientifically discussed. Based on recommendations from the World Health Organization and international medical education practices, effective psychological and pedagogical mechanisms for enhancing professional motivation among future physicians are proposed. The results of this study have both theoretical and practical significance for medical psychology and the improvement of professional education systems.
Sattarova Sarvinoz Xusniddin kizi,Boboyeva Maksuda Atakhanovna
DEVELOPMENT OF ADAPTIVE ALGORITHMS FOR ENSURING IOT DATA SECURITY IN A DISCONNECTED COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENT.
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the vulnerabilities of cyber-physical production systems and proposes a comprehensive integrated security architecture for the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). The developed system is based on the paradigms of a Unified Trust Fabric, adaptive communication, and cross-layer intelligence. The paper explores the transition from fragmented, discrete security tools to an adaptive, centrally orchestrated ecosystem. Experimental validation conducted on a hybrid rig simulating multi-stage targeted attacks (APTs) using the MITRE ATT&CK for ICS matrix demonstrates the high practical effectiveness of these solutions. Implementation of an adaptive cryptographic stack based on ECC reduces power consumption at the edge by 4.3 times, and the hybrid intrusion detection system achieves a 96% APT attack detection rate. Automated orchestration reduces incident response time to 3.2 seconds while maintaining 99.98% operational availability.
Jumaniyazov Azizbek Ansatbaevich,Babadjanov Elmurod Satimbaevich
MODULAR CONSTRUCTION AND THE POSSIBILITY OF USING MODULAR STRUCTURES FOR BUILDING EXTENSIONS
The article is based on the analysis of a number of foreign and domestic scientific publications on the researched topic. The possibility of using modular structures, especially volumetric module-blocks, for building extensions during reconstruction is considered. It is noted that the use of transformable volumetric module-blocks significantly reduces transportation costs. Despite a number of disadvantages inherent in buildings made of modular blocks, the use of volumetric module-blocks is proposed as one of the promising options for energy-efficient reconstruction.
QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE TEACHERS OF THE SUBJECT "TECHNOLOGY"
In this article, the methodical preparation of future technology teachers for teaching, the processes of determining the state educational standard and qualification requirements for technological education, and students' mastery of the subjects in the curriculum are discussed. and in the development of professional competence of future technology teachers, we have demonstrated the process of professional competence development based on digitized educational resources.
DETERMINATION OF PRODUCT YIELD QUANTITY AND QUALITY IN CONVECTIVE DRYING OF LEEK (ALLIUM PORRUM)
This article examines the technology of convective drying applied to the artificial drying of leek varieties and hybrids. During the research, the duration of the drying process, temperature regime, product yield, moisture content, and organoleptic characteristics were analyzed. According to the results, the convective drying method was distinguished by its ability to better preserve the color, taste, and aroma of the product. Furthermore, based on experimental results, the leek variety “Vestal” and the hybrid “Lincoln F1” demonstrated higher quality and yield indicators when dried using the convective drying method.
LESSON STRUCTURE IN THE PROCESS OF INTERDISCIPLINARY INTEGRATION: AN AUTHORIAL SIX-STAGE MODEL FOR CURRICULUM PLANNING
Interdisciplinary integration is one of the significant directions in contemporary curriculum planning because educational problems and real-life situations often require learners to combine knowledge from several academic disciplines. This article examines how lessons can be structured in the process of interdisciplinary integration and proposes an authorial practical model entitled the Six-Stage Interdisciplinary Lesson Structure. The study is based on a conceptual analysis of scientific literature on integrated curriculum, interdisciplinary learning, backward design, and constructive alignment. The article draws on the theoretical works of Fogarty, Jacobs, Drake and Burns, Biggs, Wiggins and McTighe, Boix Mansilla, and other scholars. The analysis shows that interdisciplinary integration should not be understood as a mechanical combination of subjects. Rather, it should be planned as a gradual pedagogical process in which students move from a meaningful problem to disciplinary inquiry, then to synthesis, product creation, and reflective assessment. The proposed six-stage model includes problem orientation, activation of prior knowledge, disciplinary exploration, interdisciplinary connection, integrative production, and reflective assessment. The article argues that this model can help teachers organize integrated lessons without weakening disciplinary depth. The findings also indicate that effective interdisciplinary curriculum planning requires clear learning outcomes, coordinated assessment criteria, teacher collaboration, and meaningful links between school knowledge and real-life contexts.
SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL SCREENING OF NOVEL 1,3,4-THIADIAZOLE DERIVATIVES WITH ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES
The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of six novel 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives were evaluated. The compounds exhibited significant antibacterial effects against Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and moderate antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Antiradical activity was determined using a DPPH assay, with compound 3 demonstrating the highest effectiveness (59.9%). The lipid peroxidation inhibition assay revealed compound 3 as the most potent antioxidant, reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by 49.9%. These results highlight the potential of 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives for therapeutic applications.
REMITTANCE DEPENDENCE AND LABOR MIGRATION: PROTECTION OF UZBEK MIGRANTS ABROAD
Labour migration plays a huge role in the economy of Uzbekistan, with more than one million citizens employed abroad and remittances remain a major pillar of economic stability. This research paper analyzes the issues of remittance dependence, labor migration and protection of Uzbek migrants abroad. This paper examines how domestic unemployment, low wages, limited access to employment opportunities effect migration. It also analyzes migration of Uzbek citizens before and after 2017, highlighting legal protection of Uzbek migrants abroad. The main focus of the paper is vulnerability of migrants, especially female migrant workers and individuals who work in informal sectors. This research paper answers the questions why many Uzbek citizens leave their country for work, what are the root causes, how this issue has changed over time and what can be done to address this issue. The paper concludes by proposing recommendations to strengthen labor market, to address the issues of skill mismatch and female migration.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND APOPTOSIS-STIMULATING PROPERTIES OF BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES CONTAINED IN SWEET CLOVER AND CORN SILK IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF MALIGNANT CERVICAL TUMORS
Malignant cervical tumors are among the oncological diseases that pose a serious threat to women’s health. In their pathogenesis, high-risk oncogenic human papillomavirus infection, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, weakened immune surveillance, cell-cycle disruption, and impairment of apoptotic mechanisms occupy a central place. In recent years, phytochemical sources, particularly sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis) and corn silk (Zea mays L. stigma), have attracted scientific interest because of the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and apoptosis-stimulating properties of their bioactive substances. Coumarins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and saponins contained in sweet clover have been studied for their potential to reduce inflammatory mediators, support microcirculation, and decrease oxidative stress. Corn silk is rich in flavonoids, maysin, luteolin, polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, sterols, and trace elements, and in certain experimental studies its effects on NF-kB, PI3K/Akt, the caspase system, p53, and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways are discussed. This article analyzes the role of inflammation and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of malignant cervical tumors, the possible molecular mechanisms of bioactive compounds from sweet clover and corn silk, and their preventive and additional scientific-practical significance. The available evidence indicates that these plants should be evaluated not as independent therapeutic agents, but as phytobiological sources that may be studied in integration with evidence-based medicine, screening, HPV vaccination, and a healthy lifestyle.
Mominjonova Mukarramkhon Sherzodbek qizi
AGRITOURISM: ENSURING EMPLOYMENT THROUGH TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS
This article analyzes the role of agritourism in ensuring employment in rural areas through the development of tourism. Agritourism is considered an important economic direction that integrates agriculture with the service sector. The study explores how agritourism contributes to reducing unemployment in rural regions, increasing household income, and efficiently utilizing local resources. Baced on international experiences and practices of developing countries, the economic and social effectiveness of agritourism is examined. Through statistical and analytical approaches, the article highlights the contribution of agritourism to sustainable regional development and rural economic diverfication.
THE INSTITUTION OF FAMILY MEDIATION: LEGAL EXPERIENCE OF UZBEKISTAN AND ARAB COUNTRIES (UAE AND EGYPT)
This paper presents a comparative legal analysis of the institution of family mediation in Uzbekistan, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Egypt within the context of the traditions of Islamic diplomacy. The author explores the theoretical connection between modern mediation procedures and the fundamental categories of Islamic law: al-sulh (reconciliation), islah (rectification/reform), tahkim (arbitration), and wasata (mediation). Special attention is paid to a critical evaluation of the experience of Uzbekistan, where the institutionalization of mediation within the mahalla system faces challenges of formalism and a deficit of professional competencies. The author formulates practical recommendations for improving national legislation, including the allocation of a dedicated professional staff of mediators within citizens' self-government bodies and the strengthening of legal guarantees for socially vulnerable dispute participants.
MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND STATISTICAL METHODS FOR ANALYZING EXPERIMENTAL DATA
The analysis of experimental data occupies an important place in modern scientific research. The reliability, accuracy, and practical significance of scientific conclusions directly depend on the correct application of mathematical models and statistical methods. Mathematical modeling allows researchers to describe natural, technical, economic, and social processes quantitatively, while statistical methods help evaluate the reliability and significance of obtained results. This article examines the theoretical foundations and practical importance of mathematical models and statistical methods used in the analysis of experimental data. Particular attention is paid to regression analysis, correlation analysis, dispersion analysis, probability theory, hypothesis testing, and optimization models. The article also discusses the stages of data processing, methods of assessing statistical reliability, and approaches to eliminating errors in experimental studies. The presented information is based on internationally recognized scientific literature and methodological sources.
DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND PROSPECTS OF E-COMMERCE IN UZBEKISTAN
The rapid development of digital technologies has significantly transformed global trade systems and consumer behavior. In Uzbekistan, electronic commerce (e-commerce) has become one of the fastest-growing sectors of the digital economy due to increasing internet penetration, mobile payment systems, and state-supported digital reforms. This article examines the development trends, current state, and future prospects of e-commerce in Uzbekistan. The study is based on official statistical data, legal documents, and international analytical reports. Particular attention is paid to the impact of government policies, digital infrastructure, electronic payment systems, logistics, and consumer behavior on the growth of e-commerce. The article also identifies the main challenges hindering further development, including cybersecurity risks, insufficient logistics infrastructure, low digital literacy in some regions, and regulatory issues. The findings indicate that Uzbekistan possesses significant potential for expanding e-commerce due to its young population, increasing digitalization, and state support for the digital economy. The research concludes that sustainable development of e-commerce requires improvements in digital infrastructure, consumer protection, logistics systems, and legal mechanisms.
SOCIOLOGY OF FAMILY VALUES UNDERGOING TRANSFORMATION IN THE COOPERATION OF FAMILY AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
This article analyzes the changes in family values under the influence of socio-economic and cultural transformations taking place in modern society, as well as the role of cooperation between the family and the educational institution in this process from a sociological perspective. Author transformation main factors , new family values in the formation school and family of cooperation mechanisms , surface coming problems and them eliminate to grow the ways Also , the article​ empirical research results and practical recommendations cited .
INTEGRATED EDUCATIONAL METHODS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN EDUCATIONAL EFFICIENCY
This article discusses the essence of integrated learning methods, their role in the modern education system, and their importance in developing students' knowledge, skills, and competencies. The article analyzes interdisciplinary integration, innovative pedagogical technologies, and methods for organizing integrated lessons. It also presents scientifically based ideas about the advantages of integrated learning, its role in developing students' thinking, and the possibilities of practical application.
THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND SEMANTIC DIMENSIONS OF REDUPLICATION IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
This article examines the linguistic functions of reduplicative units in both English and Uzbek, emphasizing their expressive, emotional, and stylistic capacities. Drawing on the view of renowned linguists such as Carl Rubino, E.A. Moravcsik, and Nils Thun, the paper discusses the types and functions of reduplication, including full, partial, and phonological variations. Furthermore, it highlights the cultural and communicative functions of reduplication in folklore, proverbs, songs, and fairy tales, presenting a comparative typological analysis. The study also explores the challenges of translating reduplicative structures and underscores their cognitive, aesthetic, and pragmatic value. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of systematic and interdisciplinary approaches, including cognitive semantics and corpus-based methods, to fully understand the evolution, functions, and linguistic significance of reduplication.
CAUSES OF STUDENTS' PRONUNCIATION ERRORS IN ENGLISH AND STRATEGIES FOR ELIMINATING THEM
This article comprehensively studies pronunciation errors that affect communicative speech and their main causes, and shows methods for eliminating these problems. In addition, phonetic difficulties, the uniqueness of sounds in English, the influence of the native language, aspects related to stress and intonation are separately discussed and effective methods are recommended for improvement. As a result of the research conducted, the development of language skills is not only through regular exercises, but also through a conscious understanding of phonetic phenomena and a psychological approach.
IMPORTANCE OF THE MEDICINAL MEXICAN DATURA (DATURA INNOXIA MILL) IN MEDICINE AND IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
Datura innoxia mille, commonly known as Mexican Bangidevona, is a plant species with a long history of medicinal use. This article examines its importance in traditional and modern medicine, as well as its impact on the national economy. After reviewing the literature on its pharmacological properties, cultivation practices and economic importance, we highlight the potential of Datura innoxia in various sectors, including the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture and the local economy.
BASIC METHODS AND THEIR DIDACTIC PRINCIPLES IN TEACHING MATHEMATICS TO GENERAL SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
This article analyzes the main methods used in teaching mathematics in general secondary education schools and their didactic principles. The study highlights the primary didactic objectives of the teaching process, their formation, and their role within the structure of the lesson. The author considers the methodology of teaching mathematics as a bilateral process based on the interaction between teacher and student activities. The article examines the advantages of scientific research methods, heuristic approaches, problem-based learning, and methods applied within the framework of modern STEAM technology, as well as their role in developing students’ creative thinking skills. Furthermore, the study broadly discusses instructional methods aimed at fostering independent thinking, analytical abilities, and conclusion-drawing skills alongside theoretical knowledge acquisition. According to the author, teaching through problem-based learning not only provides knowledge but also enables students to become active participants in the educational process. The article reveals the practical significance of methodological approaches in improving the effectiveness of mathematics education in general secondary schools.
THE PROBLEM OF THE LEXICAL ASPECT IN STUDYING THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
The article is devoted to the problems of vocabulary acquisition in learning Russian as a foreign language. It examines the main difficulties encountered by learners of Russian: the considerable volume and complexity of the Russian lexicon, the influence of the native language (interference) on the perception and use of new words, phenomena of polysemy and homonymy, as well as challenges related to understanding and using Russian idiomatic expressions.
The article provides a detailed analysis of the classification of folk well-wishes, the level of imagery, the system of images and their description, the prose and poetic structure of well-wishes, artistic imagery and means of expression, the rhythmic nature of poetic well-wishes, stanza structure, rhyme, poetic repetition, and the functions of alliteration in well-wishes, as well as the features of the artistic language.
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND PROSPECTS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL TRADE ENTERPRISES (CASE OF SAMARKAND REGION)
This article explores the digital transformation and prospects for innovative development of regional trade enterprises, using the Samarkand region as a case study. In the context of modern economic development, the introduction of digital technologies and the advancement of innovative management systems are considered key factors in enhancing the competitiveness of trade enterprises. The study analyzes the impact of e-commerce platforms, automated management systems, digital marketing, and data analytics tools on enterprise performance. It also examines the current state of digital transformation processes in regional trade enterprises in the Samarkand region and identifies existing challenges and development barriers. The findings indicate that digital transformation significantly improves the efficiency of trade enterprises, enhances service quality, and expands market share.
CONTROLLED RELEASE KINETICS OF 6-BENZYLAMINOPURINE DERIVATIVES FROM A HYDROGEL MATRIX
Controlled delivery of biologically active compounds is an essential requirement for modern regenerative veterinary materials. In this study, the release kinetics of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) derivatives from a biocompatible hydrogel matrix was investigated. The hydrogel carrier was prepared from natural polymer components using ionic crosslinking to obtain a three-dimensional porous network capable of retaining water and gradually releasing the active compound. The incorporation of BAP derivatives into the matrix was carried out during gel formation to achieve uniform distribution and prevent rapid diffusion from the wound surface. Physicochemical characterization showed high swelling capacity and stable structural integrity of the hydrogel under physiological conditions. Release experiments performed in buffer medium at body temperature demonstrated a biphasic profile consisting of an initial moderate release followed by a prolonged diffusion-controlled stage. The release behavior corresponded to non-Fickian transport, indicating combined diffusion and polymer relaxation mechanisms. Mathematical modeling confirmed sustained liberation of BAP derivatives over an extended period, maintaining therapeutically relevant concentrations. The obtained results suggest that immobilization of 6-benzylaminopurine derivatives in a hydrogel matrix provides controlled and prolonged delivery, which is beneficial for regenerative applications and reduction of repeated topical treatments in veterinary practice.
Jahonda franchising activity development methodology is based on the improvement of research and development. For example, optimizing the organizational-economic mechanisms of franchising, effectively managing contractual relations between franchisors and franchisees, forming and protecting brand capital, standardizing and replicating business processes, developing regional and international expansion strategies for franchising networks, supporting small and medium-sized businesses based on franchising, improving quality services and customer satisfaction, integrating digital technologies and platform solutions for franchising management, investment the feasibility of assessing the number of criteria for modeling and improving risk management methods, as well as national characteristics, taking into account sustainable and inclusive franchising ecotiziminiga, which focuses on research priorities.
TASK-BASED LANGUAGE TEACHING FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: FRAMEWORKS, ESP INTEGRATION, AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
This article examines the theoretical foundations and practical application of Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) for university students, specifically focusing on English for Specific Purposes (ESP) within non-philological higher education settings such as agricultural universities. While traditional grammar-translation and lecture-based methods often fail to equip students with functional professional communication skills, TBLT provides a dynamic, student-centered alternative. By focusing on meaningful, goal-oriented tasks that mirror real-world academic and professional scenarios, TBLT bridges the gap between passive language knowledge and active communicative competence. This paper outlines the key challenges of implementing TBLT in higher education, proposes a concrete agricultural ESP task model based on Jane Willis’s three-stage framework, and discusses integrated assessment strategies. Ultimately, the paper argues that TBLT is essential for preparing modern university graduates to successfully operate in globalized scientific and professional spheres.
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ОЦЕНКА ПОВЕДЕНЧЕСКИХ РЕАКЦИЙ ЛАБОРАТОРНЫХ ЖИВОТНЫХ НА ФОНЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ НЕКОТОРЫХ ФИТОКОМПОНЕНТОВ (CURCUMA LONGA, CUCURBITA PEPO)
В данной статье представлены результаты расширенного экспериментального исследования нейропротективного и анксиолитического потенциала экстрактов куркумы (Curcuma longa), а также семян и проростков тыквы обыкновенной (Cucurbita pepo) на поведенческие паттерны лабораторных крыс. В контексте глобального роста нейродегенеративных и стресс-зависимых расстройств, поиск природных адаптогенов и антиоксидантов приобретает особую актуальность. Исследование проводилось на четырех группах животных с использованием верифицированных этологических тестов: «Открытое поле», «Приподнятый крестообразный лабиринт» и «Светло-темная камера». Сравнительный анализ данных выявил, что все изучаемые фитокомпоненты способствуют снижению психоэмоционального напряжения и модуляции исследовательской активности. Тем не менее, наиболее выраженный и статистически значимый нейропротективный эффект был зафиксирован в группе, получавшей экстракт проростков тыквы.
THE POTENTIAL OF POMEGRANATE PEEL POLYPHENOLS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SAFE FUNCTIONAL FOODS: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS
Pomegranate peel, which is usually generated as a by-product during juice and fruit processing, has recently attracted considerable scientific attention as a source of natural polyphenols, dietary fiber, organic acids, tannins, flavonoids, and mineral substances. The present article analyzes the potential of pomegranate peel as a functional food ingredient and natural biopreservative. The study was designed as a literature-based analytical review using scientific publications devoted to the phytochemical composition, antioxidant potential, antimicrobial activity, technological applicability, and safety aspects of pomegranate peel. The reviewed data show that pomegranate peel contains biologically active compounds such as punicalagin, ellagic acid, gallic acid, catechins, and hydrolysable tannins, which are responsible for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and preservative effects. These properties make pomegranate peel a promising natural alternative to synthetic additives in meat, dairy, bakery, and beverage products. At the same time, the practical application of pomegranate peel requires careful standardization of extraction methods, sensory acceptability, dosage, and toxicological safety. The findings support the concept of transforming pomegranate peel from agricultural waste into a high-value ingredient for functional food production and sustainable food technology.
Mo’minjonova Mukarramkhon Sherzodbek qizi
INTENSIVE CULTIVATION METHODS OF JAPANESE PAGODA TREE (SOPHORA JAPONICA L.)
This article analyzes the efficiency of propagating Japanese pagoda tree (Sophora japonica L.) through seed sowing in special trenches, the seed germination percentage, and germination periods. During the study, the advantages of the trench method compared to open-field cultivation and its effects on biometric indicators were investigated.
Abdurahmonov Muhammadmo‘ydin Bohodirjon ugli ,Yulbasov Avazbek Muhtarovich ,Sultonov Xumoyun Mahmudjon ugli ,Xomidov Jasurbek Jomoldinovich
CLINICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION AND BLOOD–BRAIN BARRIER IMPAIRMENT IN CHILDREN WITH PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in children is a severe neurodemyelinating disease associated with pronounced neuroinflammatory and neurovascular disorders. The aim of the study was to assess the clinical and biochemical features of endothelial dysfunction and blood-brain barrier impairment in pediatric PML. Children aged 3 to 18 years with confirmed PML were examined. Comprehensive assessment included clinical neurological status, neuroimaging, laboratory, and biochemical parameters. The level of circulating endothelial cells was determined using flow cytometry. A significant increase in circulating endothelial cells was detected in patients with PML, correlating with the severity of neurological deficit and the extent of demyelinating changes on MRI. The findings indicate an important role of endothelial dysfunction and blood-brain barrier impairment in the pathogenesis of the disease. Circulating endothelial cells may serve as promising biomarkers for disease activity, early diagnosis of neurovascular disorders, and monitoring of pathogenetic therapy effectiveness.
Shukhrat Toshtemirovich Niyozov,Dilovar Imomnazarovna Khudoyberdiyeva
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SPECIAL PHYSICAL EXERCISES IN FORMING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE AMONG SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN WITH EXCESSIVE BODY WEIGHT
This article examines the effectiveness of specially designed physical activity programs in developing and maintaining healthy lifestyle habits among overweight school-aged children. The study draws on existing experimental, longitudinal, and review-based evidence to assess the measurable effects of targeted motor activity interventions on physiological parameters, behavioral health patterns, and psychological well-being in this population. The findings suggest that tailored exercise programs, when tailored to the developmental and medical profiles of overweight children, can provide significant and long-term improvements in multiple health aspects. The dissertation also argues that integrating such programs into the school curriculum, supported by appropriate pedagogical methods and family involvement, is the most effective way to promote sustainable healthy lifestyles in this high-risk group.
DEVELOPING TECHNICAL THINKING IN CHILDREN USING THE CLAX METHODOLOGY
This article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of developing technical thinking in children through the CLAX (Creative Learning and Application eXperience) methodology. The study analyzes the cognitive mechanisms underlying technical reasoning, evaluates the effectiveness of structured CLAX-based activities in educational settings, and explores how this approach enhances problem-solving abilities, spatial reasoning, and logical analysis in learners aged 7–14. The findings suggest that systematic implementation of the CLAX methodology significantly improves children's capacity for technical thought, fosters creativity, and cultivates an interest in engineering and technology-related disciplines. The article also discusses the pedagogical conditions necessary for successful integration of CLAX techniques into primary and secondary education curricula.
Akramjon Matkarimov,Adilova Naila Bakhriiddin kizi
LITERARY CONTINUITY AND TRADIDIONS IN THE MASTERPIECE ’’ZARBULMASAL’’
Article is devoted to the study of ancient source of symbols and figurative in the works of the Indian epic “Panchatantra” which is well known as “Kalila and Dimna”, Navoi’s “Lisonut Tair” and “Zarbulmasal” by Gulkhaniy. It also discusses the ideological and philosophical goal of these works and the artistic solution to such problems as the human self-awareness, the improvement of material life, the enrichment of the spiritual world, and the attitude towards reality.
LINGUOCULTURAL REPRESENTATION OF THE CONCEPT LIFE / ÓMIR IN ENGLISH AND KARAKALPAK PAREMIOLOGICAL UNITS
The present study examines the linguocultural representation of the concept LIFE / ÓMIR in English and Karakalpak paremiological units from the perspective of cognitive linguistics and linguoculturology. The study aims to identify semantic, metaphorical, figurative, and axiological peculiarities of the concept in two linguistic worldviews. The material of the study consists of English and Karakalpak proverbs and sayings containing the lexemes life, live, and ómir, selected through continuous sampling from paremiological dictionaries and folklore sources. The research employs descriptive, comparative, contextual-semantic, and conceptual analysis methods. Particular attention is paid to conceptual metaphors as cognitive mechanisms for representing abstract notions through concrete experiential domains. The analysis demonstrates that the concept LIFE / ÓMIR possesses a complex multicomponent structure including semantic, figurative, metaphorical, and evaluative layers. The results reveal both universal and culturally specific features in the conceptualization of life. In English paremiology, the concept is predominantly represented through abstract philosophical metaphors such as LIFE IS A JOURNEY, LIFE IS HOPE, and LIFE IS TIME, emphasizing existential reflection and individual experience. In contrast, the Karakalpak linguistic worldview conceptualizes life through practical and didactic metaphorical models such as ÓMIR GÚRES (LIFE IS STRUGGLE) and ÓMIR MEKTEP(LIFE IS SCHOOL), reflecting moral values, labor, and social harmony. The study confirms that paremiological units function as an important means of preserving national worldview and transmitting culturally significant knowledge.
Djabbarbergenova Miyirkhan Maksetbay kizi
INNOVATIVE METHODS OF TEACHING SCIENCES IN GENERAL SCHOOLS
In this article, innovative methods of teaching in secondary schools, their types and useful features are analyzed. The article talks about how the teacher conveys knowledge to students using innovative teaching methods in an interesting, understandable and even imaginative way.
Orinboyev Muhammadzokhir Iqboljon ugli,Turgunov Rustambek Rakhimjon ugli
DIGITAL LITERACY AS A KEY FACTOR IN YOUTH EMPOWERMENT
This article examines the role of digital literacy in youth empowerment. In the digital age, access to technology and the ability to use it effectively are critical factors for young people’s social, educational, and civic participation. The study analyzes current challenges, including unequal access to digital resources and insufficient digital skills education. It also highlights how improving digital literacy can enhance youth engagement, leadership, and decision-making capabilities. Recommendations include integrating digital literacy into educational curricula, promoting online learning platforms, and supporting youth-led digital initiatives. Enhancing digital literacy is considered essential for preparing youth to contribute actively to societal development.
SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSITIONAL ECONOMIES AND THEIR PHILOSOPHICAL INTERPRETATION
During the years of Soviet rule, the economy of the republic was managed without taking into account historical, socio-economic, national-psychological, demographic, natural-climatic, and other important factors. As noted: “For 74 years, the destiny and provision of Uzbekistan were in the hands of the former Union. The Soviet Union took agricultural products and raw materials from here and, in return, supplied us with essential goods as if they were controlled by its own directives. In simple terms, our cotton and other resources were taken away, while grain, sugar, fuel, and other consumer goods necessary for our life, economy, and national household were brought in. Here is just one example: the former USSR annually purchased 40–50 million tons of grain from Canada and America. A part of it was allocated to Uzbekistan as well” [6,p. 3].
This article discusses the role and impact of women in ensuring family stability. In particular, it analyzes the opportunities aimed at supporting the institution of the family in Uzbekistan.
UNITY OF FORM AND CONTENT IN JACK LONDON’S HEARTS OF THREE AND ABDULLA QAHHOR’S LOVE
This article is about poetic speech is a form of language constructed in artistic works, especially in poetry, based on a special arrangement, rhythm, rhyme, and meter. It is a distinctive stylistic form rich in expressive devices (such as simile and metaphor) used to convey emotions and imagery. Its main purpose is to affect the reader’s emotions and create artistic imagery.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF ACTIVITY GAMES IN DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ SPIRITUALITY
This scientific article analyzes the pedagogical and educational significance of active games in the development of students’ spirituality. It also covers the issues of forming moral qualities, teamwork skills, respect for national values, and social activity of young people through physical activity. The positive impact of active games on the student’s personality in terms of mental, spiritual, and social aspects is described on the basis of scientific sources and practical observations.
ANALYSIS OF SHORT STORY “LUMINIOUS PEAKS” BY ABDULLA QAHHOR
Abdulla Qahhor, the outstanding representative of twentieth-century Uzbek prose writing, stands among the most luminous figures of our literary tradition - a writer who developed his own distinctive style and voice, and made an enduring contribution to the progress of Uzbek literature. The prolific creative work of this great writer has always occupied a central place in the attention of both scholars and readers alike. His works continue to captivate the consciousness and spirit of our people to this day
PEDAGOGICAL MECHANISMS OF DIGITAL MANAGEMENT TRANSFORMATION IN THE PRESCHOOL EDUCATION SYSTEM
This article analyzes the pedagogical mechanisms of digital management transformation in the preschool education system. It highlights issues related to improving management efficiency, enhancing the quality of education, and modernizing pedagogical activities in the process of digitalization. Furthermore, the article examines priority directions, existing challenges, and possible solutions for organizing the educational process based on digital technologies.
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEMS AND THEIR CHANGES
This scientific article analyzes the formation, development stages, and modern trends of international monetary systems. The economic essence, advantages, and disadvantages of the Gold Standard System, the Bretton Woods System, and the Jamaica Monetary System are explained in detail. In addition, the effects of globalization, the dominance of the US dollar, the emergence of the euro, and digital currencies on the international financial system are examined. The article also discusses the role of international financial institutions and Uzbekistan’s participation in the international monetary system.
Real-Time Monitoring and Control of Machining Accuracy in CNC Machining Centres
During machining operations on machining centres, there are a large number of internal and external factors that act on the technological system. The monitoring and control system developed for machining centres presented in this paper consists of 3D touch probes, a device for registering a contact between the cutting tool and workpiece, devices for measuring the geometric accuracy of the machine tool and for calibrating the touch probe in the spindle, parameterised CNC programmes, computer and software for data processing and database management.
THE ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE TURKIC KHAGANATE
This article provides information about the ethnic composition of the Turkic Khaganate, which played a significant role in the lives of Central Asian peoples during the early Middle Ages. Sources and literature related to the issue under consideration are thoroughly analyzed. By analyzing these sources and literature, the author sheds light on the origin (ethnogenesis) and ethnic characteristics of numerous Turkic-speaking ethnic groups who lived within the territory of this political union.
THE HISTORICAL ROOTS OF THE MAHALLA INSTITUTION IN THE BUKHARA REGION
This article examines the historical roots of the mahalla institution in the Bukhara region and its role in the social and cultural life of the population. The study analyzes the formation and development of mahallas from ancient times to the modern period, highlighting their importance as traditional self-governing community structures. Special attention is given to the role of mahallas during the Bukhara Emirate, the transformations that occurred during the Soviet era, and the revival of the institution after the independence of Uzbekistan. The article also discusses the social functions of mahallas, including mutual assistance, preservation of traditions, conflict resolution, and community solidarity. The research demonstrates that the mahalla remains an essential element of Uzbek society and an important part of the cultural heritage of the Bukhara region.
THE PRAGMASTYLISTICS OF DREAD: LEXICAL AMBIGUITY AND SYNTACTIC COMPRESSION AS AFFECTIVE TRIGGERS IN AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL THRILLER NARRATIVES
This article examines the linguistic encoding of emotion within the American psychological thriller, focusing on the stylistic mechanisms that facilitate the transition from textual stimuli to visceral reader response. By integrating principles of cognitive poetics and affective stylistics, the study analyzes how specific lexical and syntactic choices serve as "affective triggers" to construct an atmosphere of psychological instability. The research identifies a systematic reliance on epistemic modality, paratactic structures, and semantic shifts that disrupt the reader’s cognitive schemas. Through an analysis of representative works in the American canon, the paper argues that the elicitation of dread is a result of "linguistic claustrophobia"—a state where the discourse limits the reader’s interpretive agency through heightened ambiguity and sensory saturation. The findings suggest that the efficacy of the psycho-thriller lies in its ability to manipulate the pragmatics of communication, forcing the reader to inhabit a state of permanent "evaluative hesitation."
STATISTICAL FORECASTING OF DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES AND LABOUR MARKET BALANCE: AN INTEGRATION OF HOLT EXPONENTIAL SMOOTHING AND CANONICAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS (CCA) METHODS
The article presents a medium-term scenario forecast of labour market and demographic indicators of the Republic of Karakalpakstan for 2026–2030. The study is based on a two-stage approach that integrates C.C.Holt’s two-parameter exponential smoothing method with Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA). At the first stage, a baseline forecast is constructed using the Holt method; at the second stage, it is adjusted on the basis of multivariate canonical relationships between demographic-digital factors and labour market indicators. The forecasting accuracy of the model corresponds to international standards and has been empirically validated through backtesting and leave-one-out cross-validation procedures. Three scenarios — pessimistic, baseline, and optimistic — have been developed, with the differences between them decomposed into contributing factors using the Laspeyres-Paasche-Fisher index decomposition. The findings empirically substantiate the priority role of digital skills development and labour migration management policies for the region.
PERIODIZED STRETCHING INTEGRATION IN TAEKWONDO MACROCYCLES: ENHANCING STRIKING VELOCITY AND RANGE OF MOTION
In modern taekwondo, the effectiveness of a match depends on the ability to deliver high and fast strikes to the electronic refereeing system (PSS). However, traditional chaotic stretching often reduces the explosive power of the muscles. This article proposes a scientifically grounded system for integrating various types of stretching into the 24-week training macrocycle of fighters.
DIDACTIC FOUNDATIONS OF FORMING PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE
In the context of internationalization and professional mobility, the formation of professional communicative competence (PCC) has become a central task of modern higher education. PCC enables specialists to perform effectively in foreign-language professional environments. This article provides a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the structure, didactic principles, stages, and participant roles in the formation of PCC within the framework of professional linguodidactics and English for Specific Purposes (ESP). A systematic literature review and theoretical synthesis were conducted, drawing on competence-based, communicative, and learner-centered approaches. Eight didactic principles (professional context-orientation, communicative orientation, functionality, integration, activity and consciousness, individualized approach, authenticity, competence-based approach) and a five-stage developmental model (preparatory, core, practice, reinforcement, assessment) are identified.
DEVELOPMENT OF GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE OF STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF ARTISTIC TEXTS
This article analyzes the theoretical and methodological foundations of the use of artistic texts in the formation and development of grammatical competence of students of higher education institutions. The educational significance of artistic texts, the possibilities of mastering grammatical knowledge in context through them, and the effectiveness of interactive methods are highlighted. The article also considers examples of practical exercises, analysis methods, and the use of modern pedagogical technologies.
PSYCHOLOGICAL-PEDAGOGICAL PROPHYLAXIS SYSTEM OF PREVENTING DRUG ADDICTION AMONG YOUTH
This article analyzes in detail the role, structural components, and significance of the psychological and pedagogical prevention system in preventing drug addiction and substance abuse among youth today. The author scientifically examines the deep socio-psychological factors, personal crises, and risk groups that contribute to the formation of harmful habits in adolescents. Furthermore, practical recommendations are put forward for creating a healthy socio-psychological environment in educational institutions, increasing the socio-psychological immunity of youth against modern synthetic types of substances, and improving the collaborative systemic working methods of educators and psychologists.