International Multidisciplinary Journal for Research & Development
International Multidisciplinary Journal for Research & Development (IMJRD) is a scholarly publication that provides a platform for academics, researchers, and professionals from various disciplines to share their innovative research and development ideas. The journal aims to promote interdisciplinary research and collaborations across different fields, including but not limited to science, engineering, technology, social sciences,history and humanities. Subject Area Covered:- Sustainable development and environmental studies, Biotechnology and biomedical engineering, Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data science, Materials science and engineering, Energy, power systems, and renewable energy sources, Economics, finance, and business management, Education and learning technologies, Health sciences and healthcare management, Social sciences, and humanities, Information technology and cybersecurity, Robotics and Automation, Agriculture and food science, Transportation and logistics, Urban planning and architecture, Psychology and behavioral sciences.
LANGUAGE, IDEOLOGY, AND POWER IN GEORGE ORWELL’S ANIMAL FARM
This study examines the relationship between language, ideology, and power in George Orwell’s Animal Farm using the theoretical framework of Critical Discourse Analysis. The research investigates how linguistic strategies are employed by dominant characters to establish and maintain political authority. Through qualitative textual analysis of slogans, speeches, narrative discourse, and manipulated commandments, the findings reveal that language functions as an ideological instrument that legitimizes inequality and suppresses resistance. The study demonstrates that Orwell deliberately exposes how political power is constructed and sustained through discourse rather than force. The article contributes to literary linguistics by highlighting the central role of language in ideological domination.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Hyperautomation Architectures for Financial Workflow Transformation: Integrating Generative Artificial Intelligence, Process Mining, and Socio-Technical Systems Theory
The accelerating convergence of hyperautomation, generative artificial intelligence, and process mining is reshaping contemporary financial workflows, redefining how organizations conceptualize efficiency, control, and strategic intelligence in digitally mediated environments. Financial operations, traditionally characterized by high volumes of rule-based transactions, regulatory intensity, and legacy system dependence, now represent a critical frontier for advanced automation paradigms that extend beyond conventional robotic process automation toward self-learning, adaptive, and context-aware systems (Panetta, 2021). This research develops an extensive theoretical and analytical examination of hyperautomation frameworks in financial workflows, grounded explicitly in the generative artificial intelligence and process mining framework articulated by Krishnan and Bhat (2025), while situating their contribution within broader debates spanning Industry 4.0, digital twins, neural analytics, and socio-technical transformation. The study adopts a qualitative, theory-building research design that synthesizes multidisciplinary literature across information systems, artificial intelligence, operations management, and organizational theory, enabling an interpretive analysis of how hyperautomation reconfigures financial process intelligence, governance mechanisms, and human-machine collaboration (Haleem et al., 2021). Rather than offering empirical measurement or computational modeling, the article emphasizes deep conceptual elaboration, tracing the historical evolution of automation from deterministic systems toward generative, probabilistic architectures capable of autonomous decision support (Park, 2018). The abstracted findings reveal that hyperautomation in financial workflows operates not merely as a technological enhancement but as an institutional re-alignment mechanism that alters accountability structures, knowledge flows, and strategic foresight capabilities (Krishnan & Bhat, 2025). Results from the interpretive analysis indicate that the integration of generative AI with process mining enables continuous process discovery, anomaly interpretation, and scenario simulation, thereby expanding financial organizations’ capacity for anticipatory governance and adaptive compliance (Jacoby & Usländer, 2020). However, the discussion also highlights persistent challenges, including algorithmic opacity, cognitive displacement of human expertise, and uneven diffusion across organizational clusters and labor markets (Goher et al., 2021). By critically engaging with these tensions, the article contributes an original, publication-ready synthesis that advances hyperautomation theory in financial contexts and delineates future research trajectories at the intersection of intelligent systems, organizational resilience, and digital ethics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Oliver H. Beaumont https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Hyperautomation and Generative Artificial Intelligence as Foundations for Sustainable and Human-Centric Smart Cities
The rapid evolution of smart cities represents one of the most complex socio-technical transformations of the twenty-first century. Driven by accelerating urbanization, climate change, public health challenges, and digital innovation, cities are increasingly adopting advanced computational systems to improve efficiency, sustainability, resilience, and quality of life. Within this transformation, hyperautomation, artificial intelligence, generative artificial intelligence, vector symbolic architectures, Internet of Things ecosystems, and digital twins are emerging as foundational enablers rather than isolated technologies. This research article develops an integrated and theoretically grounded examination of how hyperautomation and generative artificial intelligence collectively shape the next generation of smart cities. Drawing strictly and exclusively on the provided references, the article synthesizes insights from machine learning theory, urban studies, smart city governance, health, mobility, sustainability, and business model innovation. The study positions hyperautomation as an evolutionary progression beyond traditional automation and robotic process automation, characterized by the orchestration of artificial intelligence, process mining, generative models, Internet of Behaviours, blockchain smart contracts, and intelligent maintenance systems. In parallel, generative artificial intelligence is examined as a paradigm shift in urban intelligence, enabling autonomous data generation, scenario simulation, policy experimentation, digital twin development, and participatory urban design. Special emphasis is placed on unsupervised learning through vector symbolic architectures, particularly Hyperseed, as a mechanism for scalable, explainable, and adaptive urban cognition. Methodologically, the article employs a structured, interpretive, and theory-driven synthesis approach, integrating insights from smart city standards, sustainability frameworks, health and mobility research, and emerging AI architectures. The results reveal that the convergence of hyperautomation and generative AI fundamentally redefines urban governance, shifting cities from reactive and efficiency-driven systems toward anticipatory, human-centric, and resilient ecosystems. The discussion critically evaluates ethical, organizational, and infrastructural constraints while identifying future research directions, including open-source AI frameworks, autonomous urban digital twins, and adaptive business models. The article concludes that sustainable smart cities cannot be realized through fragmented technological adoption. Instead, they require deeply integrated hyperautomation frameworks augmented by generative artificial intelligence, grounded in urban context, social values, and long-term resilience. This work contributes a comprehensive conceptual foundation for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners seeking to design, govern, and evaluate intelligent urban systems in an era of unprecedented complexity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Lukas Reinhardt https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
CLINICAL AND REHABILITATION ASPECTS OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE IN PATIENTS OF THE FERGANA REGION: AN INTEGRATED CARDIOLOGICAL APPROACH
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a leading cause of morbidity, disability, and mortality worldwide. In Central Asian regions, including Fergana, the burden of IHD remains high due to the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and limited access to structured secondary prevention. This article presents a comprehensive cardiological analysis of clinical and rehabilitation aspects of IHD in patients of the Fergana region. The study focuses on staged cardiac rehabilitation, functional recovery, lifestyle modification, and psychosocial adaptation. The effectiveness of rehabilitation programs is evaluated using clinical, functional, and behavioral indicators. The findings demonstrate that integrated cardiac rehabilitation significantly improves exercise tolerance, reduces cardiovascular risk, and enhances quality of life, supporting its mandatory inclusion in modern cardiology practice.
USE OF RAY TRACING ALGORITHMS FOR DOSE CALCULATION IN THE VIRTUAL ANALOG OF THE IRT MEPhI REACTOR
This work focuses on the development of a system for estimating neutron radiation dose loads for the virtual analog of the IRT MEPhI nuclear reactor. This system is implemented based on ray tracing algorithms and is designed to simulate the distribution of dose loads in real-time at any point behind the reactor shielding [3, 4]. The project aims to create a safe and accessible platform for training students in nuclear physics and nuclear reactors, within which the interaction of particles and shielding layers is simulated without the need for access to the experimental facility. This approach not only improves the training level of young specialists but also provides an opportunity to study the physics of radiation processes more deeply by visualizing key aspects of the interaction of neutrons and gamma radiation with the materials of the reactor's protective screens.
BACTERIAL SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS: ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERNS IN LOCAL CLINICAL PRACTICE
Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) represent a major cause of outpatient visits and antibiotic prescriptions worldwide. The growing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance has complicated empirical treatment strategies, particularly in regional clinical settings with limited surveillance data. This study aimed to analyze bacterial etiologies and antibiotic resistance patterns among patients presenting with SSTIs in local clinical practice. A retrospective observational study was conducted at the Radeski Skin & Aesthetic Clinic in the Fergana Valley, Uzbekistan. Clinical specimens from patients with purulent and non-purulent SSTIs were cultured, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using standard laboratory protocols. The most frequently isolated pathogens included Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Gram-negative organisms such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. High resistance rates were observed for commonly prescribed antibiotics, including penicillins and macrolides, while relatively preserved susceptibility was noted for glycopeptides and select fluoroquinolones.
NEUROVASCULAR MECHANISMS AND COGNITIVE OUTCOMES IN CHRONIC MIGRAINE
Chronic migraine is a debilitating neurological disorder marked by frequent headache episodes and persistent neurobiological alterations that extend beyond pain perception. Beyond recurrent cephalalgia, chronic migraine is increasingly recognized as a condition associated with changes in cerebral hemodynamics and cognitive function, which substantially impact patients’ quality of life, occupational performance, and social interactions. Investigating these alterations is crucial for elucidating the underlying pathophysiology and optimizing therapeutic approaches. Cerebral hemodynamic disturbances in chronic migraine include impaired regulation of cerebral blood flow, endothelial dysfunction, altered cerebrovascular reactivity, and regional perfusion asymmetry. These changes may result from repeated migraine attacks, cortical spreading depression, and dysregulation of autonomic and vascular control mechanisms. Notably, hemodynamic abnormalities may persist during interictal periods, indicating long-term adaptive or maladaptive vascular changes in the brain. Cognitive deficits in chronic migraine patients typically involve impairments in attention, memory, executive functioning, and processing speed. These deficits are frequently accompanied by emotional disturbances, including anxiety, depressive symptoms, and heightened stress sensitivity, which can further aggravate cognitive decline. The severity of cognitive impairment has been correlated with migraine duration, attack frequency, and medication overuse.
DIGITAL TWIN TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE
Digital Twin technology has emerged as a powerful tool in modern engineering, enabling the creation of virtual replicas of physical systems for design optimization, performance analysis, and predictive maintenance. By integrating real-time data, simulation models, and advanced analytics, Digital Twins allow engineers to monitor system behavior, predict failures, and improve operational efficiency. This article explores the principles of Digital Twin technology, its applications in engineering design and maintenance, key benefits, challenges, and future development trends.
CLINICAL AND PATHOGENETIC ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF METABOLIC SYNDROME ON THE COURSE OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease frequently accompanied by metabolic disturbances that significantly influence disease progression and long-term outcomes. Metabolic syndrome, characterized by insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, and arterial hypertension, has been increasingly recognized as an important comorbidity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This study aims to assess the clinical and pathogenetic impact of metabolic syndrome on the course of rheumatoid arthritis. The analysis shows that metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent among patients with rheumatoid arthritis and is associated with increased inflammatory activity, more severe clinical manifestations, and a higher risk of cardiovascular and skeletal complications. Chronic systemic inflammation mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines represents a key mechanism linking joint damage with metabolic abnormalities. Insulin resistance and adipokine imbalance further intensify inflammatory pathways, creating a bidirectional interaction that accelerates disease progression. These findings underline the importance of early identification and comprehensive management of metabolic syndrome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis to improve disease control and reduce comorbidity-related morbidity.
DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ CREATIVE THINKING THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF THE STEAM APPROACH IN PRIMARY EDUCATION
In This article examines the development of creative thinking among primary school students through the implementation of the STEAM approach (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, Mathematics) in the educational process. The essence and content of STEAM education, its differences from traditional teaching methods, and its importance for young learners are analyzed. Special attention is given to integrated lessons, project-based learning, problem-solving activities, and practical tasks that enhance students’ independence, creativity, initiative, and problem-solving skills. The findings indicate that the STEAM approach is an effective pedagogical technology that fosters not only academic knowledge but also creative and critical thinking. The results highlight the relevance of introducing innovative teaching methods into primary education and provide practical recommendations for teachers.
FLUENCY WITHOUT UNDERSTANDING: RE-EXAMINING COGNITIVE DEPTH, INTELLECTUAL PURPOSE, AND PEDAGOGICAL RESPONSIBILITY IN UNIVERSITY EFL INSTRUCTION
Fluency has become one of the most visible indicators of success in university-level English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instruction. Students who speak confidently, smoothly, and with minimal hesitation are frequently perceived as proficient, while slower, more reflective language use is often interpreted as a lack of competence. This article argues that such interpretations oversimplify the relationship between language, cognition, and learning in higher education. Drawing on applied linguistics, cognitive psychology, academic literacy studies, and critical perspectives on university pedagogy, the paper examines how an excessive emphasis on fluency may obscure deeper dimensions of language development that are central to academic life, including conceptual reasoning, epistemic engagement, and intellectual agency. Using a qualitative synthesis of existing literature combined with reflective analysis grounded in university EFL practice, the study identifies structural patterns in curriculum design, classroom interaction, and assessment that privilege performative language use over cognitive depth. The discussion situates these patterns within broader institutional pressures shaping contemporary higher education and argues for a reconceptualization of fluency as an intellectually grounded capacity rather than a purely performative skill. The article concludes by proposing pedagogical orientations that align EFL instruction more closely with the educational and ethical mission of the university.
CRITICAL READING AS A BASIS FOR SUCCESSFUL WRITING. TEACHING SPECIFIC SUB SKILLS AND STRATEGIES.
It is true that critical thinking is widely recognized and utilized among the large number of educationalists and learners as a key component of effective writing when it comes to academic and professional context. In this article it is explained about what is critical thinking, how important is critical thinking as a cognitive basis and the role of specific sub skills and strategies in order to achieve successful wiring. Writing with critical thinking means not only just putting ideas on paper, but also it firstly includes understanding the task , analyzing it, building strong arguments , keeping the main meaning of the text, being able to compare the proponent and opponent ideas, the reason of them. In this article it is described that teachers play crucial role while assisting the students when it comes to enhancing their writing skills taking advantage of various practical ways and strategies, sub-skills, collaborative discussion. The main goal is to help students move from simple writing communication to more complex, analytical and evaluative writing . It also discusses the integration of technology such as technological devices, digital tools and virtual learning for developing and evaluating the writing which helps to promote critical thinking of young generation.
Qurbonova Yulduz Umarovna, Xakimova Shaxinabonu Rasulovna
VENOM COMPOSITION AND TOXIC EFFECT OF SOME TICKES FROM IXODIDAE
The value of rat LD50 for the venomes of tikes H. plumbeum, H. scupense and H. asiatikum has been found. These levels 165±4,8, 172±5,5, 186±5,4, 215±4,7, 223±4,3, 227±4,6 mg/kg respectively. The venom of the ticks exhibits the phospholipase, protease, hemorrhagic and neurotoxic activities. The neurotoxic effect is prevailiring in tze intoxication process.
Umrqulova Sojida Husanovna, Khasanova Shahnoza Alisher kizi
THE ARCHITECTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE KALON MINARET AND ITS ROLE IN THE URBAN PLANNING SYSTEM
This article provides a scholarly analysis of the Kalon Minaret as an outstanding example of Central Asian Islamic architecture. The historical formation of the structure, its architectural and compositional design, as well as its constructive solutions are examined. The role of the minaret within the urban planning system, its religious and symbolic functions, and the artistic methods used in its decorative elements are analyzed. The article highlights the importance of the Kalon Minaret in shaping the historical image of the city of Bukhara, its role in socio-cultural life, and its value as an architectural heritage monument. The research findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the development of medieval architecture.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MATHEMATICS IN MODELING ECONOMIC PROCESSES
Mathematics plays a pivotal role in understanding and analyzing economic processes, providing a rigorous framework for modeling complex systems. This study examines the significance of mathematical tools and techniques in constructing economic models, including differential equations, linear programming, and statistical methods. By translating real-world economic phenomena into quantitative representations, mathematics enables precise predictions, optimal decision-making, and policy evaluation. The article presents examples of how mathematical modeling contributes to economic forecasting, market analysis, and resource allocation. The findings highlight that the integration of mathematics into economic research enhances both the accuracy and reliability of conclusions, supporting the development of efficient strategies in a dynamic economic environment.
DIDACTIC OPPORTUNITIES OF WORKING WITH HISTORICAL SOURCES IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM
The article analyzes the didactic opportunities of working with historical sources in higher education institutions and their role in solving educational and upbringing tasks. The theoretical foundations and practical methods of using historical sources in the pedagogical process, as well as ways to increase their effectiveness, are examined. The importance of historical sources in enhancing students’ cognitive activity, forming research skills, and developing personal qualities is substantiated.
THE BENEFITS OF ENHANCING BOTH CONTENT KNOWLEDGE AND LANGUAGE SKILLS IN EFL
Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) has gained significant attention in the field of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education. By integrating the learning of content subjects, such as science, history, or mathematics, with the acquisition of a foreign language, CLIL provides learners with a holistic approach that enhances both language proficiency and subject knowledge. This article explores the theoretical framework of CLIL, its implementation in EFL contexts, and its benefits for learners in terms of cognitive development, language acquisition, and academic performance. Furthermore, the challenges and limitations of integrating content and language in EFL classrooms are discussed, along with recommendations for effective CLIL implementation.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an increasingly influential component of modern education, reshaping traditional approaches to teaching and learning. In English Language Teaching (ELT), AI technologies offer innovative solutions for personalized instruction, automated assessment, and enhanced learner engagement. This paper provides a comprehensive examination of AI in ELT, exploring its theoretical foundations, practical applications, benefits, challenges, and pedagogical implications. It also discusses the evolving role of teachers, ethical considerations, and future directions for AI-enhanced language education. The study argues that while AI cannot replace human teachers, its thoughtful integration can significantly enrich English language learning experiences.
Maxmudov Azizjon Adhamjon ugli, Qaxramonova Dilorom Abdiaziz kizi, Abduhalilova O`g`iloy Ibroxim kizi.
ORGANIZATION OF CORRECTIVE-PEDAGOGICAL WORK FOR CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES IN THE INCLUSIVE EDUCATION SYSTEM
This article discusses the content, purpose and importance of correctional and pedagogical work with children with disabilities in the inclusive education system. It also analyzes the pedagogical conditions, methods and forms of effective organization of correctional work.
OPTIMIZATION OF DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES IN PATIENTS WITH VOCAL CORD PARALYSIS USING A DIFFERENTIATED MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Vocal cord paralysis is a clinically significant condition that leads to voice disorders, breathing difficulties, and impaired quality of life. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate management require a comprehensive and individualized approach due to the heterogeneous etiology and clinical presentation of the disease. This study aims to optimize diagnostic approaches in patients with vocal cord paralysis by applying a differentiated management strategy based on etiology, severity, and functional impairment. The integration of clinical evaluation, instrumental diagnostics, and functional voice assessment allows for improved diagnostic accuracy and more effective treatment planning.
PROBLEM-BASED GROUP PROJECTS: ENHANCING COLLABORATIVE SPEAKING SKILLS IN LANGUAGE LEARNING
Problem-based group projects (PBGPs) have emerged as an effective pedagogical strategy in language education, particularly for enhancing speaking skills. This study investigates the role of PBGPs in fostering collaborative speaking competence among English language learners. A 10-week intervention was conducted with undergraduate students, integrating authentic problem-solving tasks into group projects. Results indicate that PBGPs significantly improved learners’ fluency, accuracy, interactional competence, and confidence. The findings suggest that problem-based collaboration provides meaningful contexts for language use, thereby strengthening communicative competence.
ON ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES CONSIDERING OPERATING CONDITIONS
Electric cars drive in a lot of different conditions, which change how they work and how much energy they use all the time. The slope of the road, the weight of the vehicle, the state of charge of the battery, and the driver's demand all add uncertainty that makes traditional fixed-parameter control strategies less effective. These kinds of controllers might work well in normal situations, but they often don't work as well in real life. This makes batteries work harder and uses more energy. This paper presents an adaptive control framework for electric vehicles that explicitly addresses varying operational conditions. A control-oriented model of the electric vehicle is developed, incorporating the essential interactions between longitudinal vehicle dynamics, the electric drivetrain, and the battery energy system. This formulation posits that the control problem is characterized by parameters that are often uncertain and subject to temporal variation, in addition to practical constraints on motor torque and battery operational limits. The proposed method incorporates knowledge of operating conditions directly into the control strategy, enabling real-time adjustments of control parameters in response to variations in road conditions, vehicle mass, and battery status. The function of the controller is track vehicle speed and make it more energy-efficient while also limiting how much power the battery needs. It does this by changing how much torque the traction motor has. The formula also makes sure that it works with the limits of regenerative braking, which makes it safe and easy to use.
MOLECULAR SUBTYPING OF PEDIATRIC MEDULLOBLASTOMA: CLINICAL, PROGNOSTIC, AND THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor and is now recognized as a molecularly stratified spectrum comprising four principal subgroups: WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4. Implementation of genomic and epigenomic profiling and the incorporation of subgrouping into the 2021 WHO CNS5 classification have clarified substantial heterogeneity in tumor biology, prognosis, metastatic behavior, and therapeutic response. However, translating molecular understanding into durable, less toxic therapies remains challenging, particularly for biologically aggressive disease such as metastatic Group 3 and TP53-mutant SHH tumors. This review summarizes molecular classification and diagnostic algorithms (including DNA methylation profiling), subgroup biology, prognostic implications, current standard-of-care treatment by subgroup, and emerging therapeutic directions including pathway inhibition, epigenetic therapies, drug repurposing, immunotherapy, and novel delivery approaches. Persistent barriers—especially blood–brain barrier (BBB) constraints and global inequities in access to molecular diagnostics and advanced radiotherapy—must be addressed to ensure that precision neuro-oncology improves outcomes and quality of life for children with medulloblastoma worldwide.
EDUCATIONAL FACTORS IN SHAPING STUDENTS’ ECOLOGICAL CULTURE THROUGH A HERMENEUTIC APPROACH IN 4TH-GRADE MUSIC LESSONS
This article provides a scientific and pedagogical analysis of the educational factors involved in shaping students’ ecological culture through a hermeneutic approach in 4th-grade music lessons. The study takes into account the age-related and psychological characteristics of primary school students and highlights the possibilities of developing ecological awareness through meaningful comprehension, interpretation, and personal contextualization of musical works. The hermeneutic approach is substantiated as an effective pedagogical tool for activating students’ aesthetic emotions and fostering a caring and responsible attitude toward nature in music lessons. The article reveals the educational potential of music and identifies factors that contribute to the development of ecological culture through engagement with environmentally themed musical works. The research findings are significant for developing practical recommendations aimed at improving ecological education within the framework of primary music education.
FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF PANCREATIC SECRETORY ACTIVITY AND CHANGES IN ENZYME HOMEOSTASIS DURING HYPOKINESIA
The exocrine function of the pancreas is an important component of the digestive system and is controlled by complex neurohumoral mechanisms. The intensity and qualitative composition of pancreatic secretion are influenced by hormonal, neural, nutritional, and pathological factors, as well as the body's level of motor activity. The impact of hypokinesia, associated with a modern lifestyle, on the functional state of the pancreas has received particular attention in recent years. This article analyzes the main mechanisms regulating pancreatic secretion and examines the role of hypokinesia as a modifiable risk factor for digestive disorders.
PREPARATION OF ANTISEPTIC MIXTURE FROM PAULOWNIA (PAULOWNIA TOMENTOSA) FLOWERS FOR POULTRY USE: A PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS APPROACH
This study investigates the preparation of an antiseptic mixture from Paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa) flowers for use in poultry. The chemical composition, biologically active compounds, and antiseptic properties of the flowers were analyzed. Pharmaceutical analysis techniques were employed to assess the quality parameters of the prepared mixture. The findings support the safe and effective application of Paulownia flower-based phytopreparations in poultry farming.
PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
Inflammation is a fundamental pathological process that plays a critical role in the body’s defense against tissue injury and infection. Based on duration, cellular composition, and morphological characteristics, inflammation is traditionally classified into acute and chronic forms. This article aims to analyze the pathological anatomical features of acute and chronic inflammation, focusing on their cellular components, vascular changes, and tissue remodeling processes. A descriptive and analytical review of histopathological specimens and classical pathology literature was conducted to compare morphological patterns of different inflammatory types. The findings demonstrate that acute inflammation is characterized by rapid onset, prominent vascular reactions, exudation, and predominance of neutrophils, whereas chronic inflammation is associated with prolonged infiltration of mononuclear cells, progressive tissue destruction, fibrosis, and angiogenesis. Granulomatous inflammation represents a distinctive subtype of chronic inflammation with specific morphological features. Understanding these differences is essential for accurate histopathological diagnosis and has significant implications for clinical management and therapeutic decision-making
BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR AS A SPECIFIC MARKER IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF MIGRAINE
Migraine is one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting 10–15% of the world’s population, and it often significantly impairs work capacity during the most productive years of life [10]. Migraine is a benign primary headache disorder and ranks as the second most common type after tension-type headache. According to WHO data from 2000, migraine ranks 19th among men and 12th among women in the list of diseases affecting work capacity worldwide, and it occupies a leading position among neurological disorders [1].
INTEGRATION OF MODERN GNSS AND LIDAR TECHNOLOGIES IN GEODETIC MEASUREMENTS
This thesis analyzes the integration of modern geodetic measurement technologies — GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) and LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging). The study explores the possibilities of determining terrain relief, creating three-dimensional models, and automating cadastral and cartographic works using these technologies. The processing of GNSS and LIDAR data through GIS (Geographic Information Systems) applications has shown a significant improvement in accuracy, efficiency, and reliability. The results of the study have practical importance in geodesy, cadastral management, and engineering fields.
DIGITAL FINANCE (E-MONEY) AND REGULATION: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS
The article analyzes the development of digital finance (e-money) systems, their role in the global financial system, and regulatory mechanisms. The main types of e-money systems, economic efficiency of their use, and opportunities for increasing financial inclusion are identified. Risks of e-money systems, international experience of their regulation, and practical recommendations for Uzbekistan are provided. Statistical indicators of the global e-money market for 2023-2024 and development forecasts are presented within the research framework.
LEARNER IDENTITY AND INSTRUCTIONAL DECISIONS IN AN EFL CLASSROOM CONTEXT: A QUALITATIVE CASE STUDY
This qualitative case study explores the relationship between students' identities and the learning environments when deciding how to teach students in the EFL classroom. Based on the post-structural theories of identity, investment, and motivation created by the researchers (Darvin & Norton), and drawing on Krashen's Input and Affective Filter hypotheses, we will be looking at two students: one who has been learning English as a foreign language (EFL) and the other who come from very different educational backgrounds. We used data collected through teacher observations from the classroom, reflection notes from teaching, and an analysis of instructional tasks over a two-month period at a private language school. We found that differences exist with regard to the structure of a student's previous learning environment that affects the student's confidence, accuracy, and interaction with the other students in the classroom. Our findings also indicate that the application of a communicative, student-centered philosophy of teaching informed the way we adapted both input-based and task-supported instruction for the particular needs of the learners. In summary, the findings from this case study illustrate the dynamic relationship between learner identity, teaching philosophy, and teacher practice. In addition, the findings suggest that using theory to inform the teaching philosophy of a teacher leads to a responsive and equitable form of teaching English as a foreign language. Finally, implications of the findings are discussed for teacher education and further research in EFL contexts.
EDUCATING YOUNG PEOPLE FOR FAMILY LIFE IN FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS
This article studies and analyzes family relationships, spiritual and moral values in strengthening the family, educating young people for a secular life, trust and respect between family members, and views on families as a holistic system.
ORAL MICROBIOTA: NORMAL AND PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS
This article highlights the composition of the oral cavity microflora and the role of normal and pathogenic microorganisms. Normal microflora plays an important role in protecting the oral mucosa, maintaining pH balance, and initiating digestion. Pathogenic microorganisms, however, can multiply when hygiene is neglected or immunity decreases, potentially causing diseases such as caries and stomatitis.
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a fundamental metabolic pathway in aerobic organisms that takes place in the mitochondria. It is a key process in cellular respiration, converting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The cycle begins with the combination of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate, followed by a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that release carbon dioxide, generate reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH2), and produce ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. These reducing equivalents then transfer electrons to the electron transport chain, leading to the synthesis of the majority of cellular ATP. In addition to energy production, the Krebs cycle plays a central role in biosynthesis. Its intermediates serve as precursors for amino acids, nucleotide bases, fatty acids, and heme groups, linking energy metabolism with the synthesis of essential biomolecules. The cycle is regulated by allosteric enzymes and feedback mechanisms to maintain cellular energy balance and respond to changes in nutrient availability. Dysregulation or defects in the Krebs cycle are associated with metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer, underscoring its importance in health and disease. Studying the Krebs cycle provides insight into cellular energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, and biochemical regulation. It is essential for understanding how cells generate energy efficiently, adapt to environmental changes, and integrate metabolic signals to sustain life. Knowledge of this cycle is critical for students, researchers, and healthcare professionals in biochemistry, medicine, pharmacology, and related fields.
THE IMPACT OF GENETIC FACTORS ON DENTAL DISEASES.
Dental diseases are among the most common health problems worldwide, and their development is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the role of genetics in the susceptibility to dental and oral diseases. Genetic factors can affect tooth development, enamel structure, saliva composition, immune response, and the oral microbiome, thereby influencing the risk of conditions such as dental caries, periodontal diseases, malocclusion, and enamel defects. Understanding genetic predisposition helps in early diagnosis, risk assessment, and the development of personalized preventive and therapeutic strategies in dentistry. This topic highlights the importance of integrating genetic research into modern dental practice to improve patient outcomes and promote precision dentistry.
ORAL CAVITY CANCER: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OPTIONS.
Oral cavity cancer is one of the most common malignancies affecting the head and neck region. Early diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial for improving patient survival and quality of life. This paper reviews the main risk factors, diagnostic methods, and current treatment options for oral cavity cancer. Diagnostic approaches include clinical examination, imaging techniques, and biopsy procedures, while treatment strategies range from surgery and radiotherapy to chemotherapy and targeted therapies. Emphasis is placed on early detection, multidisciplinary care, and advancements in therapeutic approaches to enhance patient outcomes.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARABIC LINGUISTICS DURING THE ABBASID ERA
This article examines the “Golden Age” of Arabic linguistics under the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258). It traces how Arabic evolved from a primarily religious and literary medium into a universal language of science. The study highlights the scholarly rivalry between the Basra and Kufa grammatical schools—especially their debates over qiyās (analogy) and samʿ (attested usage/auditory transmission)—and shows how these methodological differences contributed to the codification of linguistic norms. The article also analyzes the foundational role of Sibawayh’s Al-Kitāb and al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad’s Kitāb al-ʿAyn in systematizing Arabic syntax, phonetics, and lexicography. Finally, it evaluates the Translation Movement at the House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Ḥikma) and explains how the integration of Greek, Persian, and Indian learning enriched Arabic vocabulary and helped establish a broad scientific terminology.
BEYOND THE TEST: HOW TECHNOLOGY IS REVOLUTIONIZING ASSESSMENT IN EDUCATION
This article explores the current state, advantages, and challenges of technology-enhanced assessment in education. The paper analyzes the impact of technological assessment tools on education quality, digital assessment methods, and their effectiveness through a comprehensive literature review.
MARRIAGE READINESS AND VALUE ORIENTATIONS AMONG UZBEK YOUTH: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ROLE EXPECTATIONS AND MORAL PREPAREDNESS
This manuscript is a structured draft based on an empirical study of marriage readiness and value orientations among youth in Uzbekistan. The study used a cross-sectional online survey. Value orientations were assessed with the Axiological Orientation of Personality questionnaire, and marriage readiness was operationalized through moral readiness to marriage and role expectations/claims in marital domains. Nonparametric statistics (Spearman correlations, Mann–Whitney U test, and one-sample Wilcoxon test) were applied due to non-normality of distributions. The findings indicate that, in this sample, values of public life and leisure were expressed more strongly than family values, while material well-being and individuality were among the most pronounced personal values. Men demonstrated higher moral readiness to marriage than women, and gender differences were observed across most role-expectation domains. Value priorities were linked to marital role claims: higher material well-being was associated with lower claims in the emotional-psychotherapeutic domain, and higher public-life value was associated with lower household and parental claims. The draft discusses cultural and developmental interpretations and outlines implications for educational and counseling programs that support informed marital decision-making.
AGE-RELATED MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF THE HUMAN SKULL
Age-related morphological changes of the human skull represent a dynamic and continuous biological process influenced by growth, maturation, and aging. These transformations affect cranial thickness, sutural fusion, facial proportions, and overall cranial architecture. Understanding such changes is essential for anatomy, forensic science, neurosurgery, and craniofacial reconstruction. The present study aimed to investigate age-dependent morphological variations of the skull using morphometric analysis and modern imaging techniques. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Human Anatomy, Tashkent State Medical University. Computed tomography (CT) scans of adult individuals were analyzed across different age groups to assess cranial bone thickness, degree of sutural closure, and cranial indices. The findings revealed progressive sutural fusion, regional alterations in cranial thickness, and measurable changes in craniofacial proportions with increasing age. These results confirm that the skull remains morphologically adaptable throughout adulthood rather than being a static structure. The study highlights the importance of integrating classical anatomical knowledge with modern imaging technologies to improve clinical diagnostics, forensic identification, and surgical planning.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FIG (FICUS CARICA L.) FRUITS AND THEIR EFFECT ON CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM FUNCTION
This article analyzes, based on literature data, the chemical composition of Ficus carica L. (fig) fruits and their effects on cardiovascular system function. Flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, kaempferol), phenolic compounds, vitamins (C, B-complex, K, β-carotene), and mineral elements (K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn) present in figs exhibit antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antiatherosclerotic effects in the human body. These bioactive components strengthen vascular endothelial stability, reduce cholesterol levels, and support myocardial function. The results substantiate the potential use of fig fruits as a natural bioresource for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
FOOD HYGIENE AND NUTRITION AS KEY DETERMINANTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH: EVIDENCE-BASED REVIEW
Food hygiene and proper nutrition play a crucial role in maintaining public health and preventing nutrition-related non-communicable and infectious diseases. Inadequate food hygiene practices contribute significantly to foodborne illnesses, while improper dietary patterns increase the risk of metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension. This review article analyzes the importance of food hygiene within the framework of nutritional science, emphasizing safe food handling, storage, preparation, and consumption. Evidence from international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and peer-reviewed scientific literature is synthesized to highlight the relationship between food hygiene and health outcomes. The article also discusses global challenges, preventive strategies, and the role of public education in improving food hygiene practices.
USING VIRTUAL LANGUAGE LABS FOR TEACHING ENGLISH ONLINE
The article examines the role and effectiveness of virtual language laboratories in the context of online English language teaching. With the rapid growth of digital education, virtual language labs have become an essential tool for developing learners’ listening, speaking, pronunciation, and interactive communication skills. The article analyzes how virtual language labs support learner-centered instruction, provide real-time feedback, and enhance learner engagement in online environments. It also discusses the pedagogical advantages of integrating multimedia resources, speech recognition tools, and collaborative activities into English language instruction. The study highlights the impact of virtual language labs on improving language proficiency, learner motivation, and autonomous learning. Overall, the article emphasizes that virtual language labs represent a modern and effective solution for overcoming the limitations of traditional classrooms in online English teaching.
I.Yo.Beknazarova, S.Rasuljonov, S.Abdunazarov
IMPACT OF SOCIAL FACTORS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNET DISCOURSE
This article examines the multifaceted impact of social factors on the development of internet discourse, analyzing the dynamic interplay between societal structures and digital communication. By employing a mixed-methods approach, the study explores the role of demographics, cultural influences, and psychological factors in shaping online interactions. The findings highlight how social media platforms have redefined traditional communication paradigms, fostering global connectivity while presenting challenges such as misinformation and polarization. Quantitative analyses reveal consistent discourse patterns across platforms, while qualitative assessments emphasize the significance of context in digital communication. The research underscores the need for targeted strategies to enhance the quality of online discourse and mitigate its adverse effects, contributing to the broader understanding of digital communication dynamics in a rapidly evolving technological landscape.
DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS IN URBAN TRANSPORTATION
Urban transportation networks are becoming increasingly dependent on digital control systems to enhance efficiency, safety, and sustainability. This paper examines the role of intelligent transport systems (ITS), real-time traffic management, and IoT-based monitoring in modern cities.
The Concept of War in Uzbek Classical Literature: Its Meaning and Artistic Interpretation
The concept of war occupies a significant place in Uzbek classical literature, where it is not merely portrayed as a historical or military phenomenon but as a complex moral, philosophical, and aesthetic category. Classical authors interpreted war through symbolic imagery, ethical reflections, and didactic narratives, emphasizing its destructive consequences as well as its role in testing human virtues such as courage, loyalty, and justice. This article examines the semantic scope of the concept of war in Uzbek classical literature and analyzes its artistic interpretation in poetic and prose works. The study reveals that war is often depicted not as an end in itself, but as a means to convey broader ideas related to morality, power, fate, and human responsibility.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING STUDENT MOTIVATION
This article analyzes psychological variables that influence student motivation in educational settings. Drawing from theories of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, the study identifies key factors such as self-efficacy, goal orientation, emotional climate, and teacher–student relationships.
RESTORATION AND REPAIR OF CULTURAL HERITAGE OBJECTS IN SAMARKAND REGION
This article provides an academic analysis of the historical monuments of the Samarkand region. The study examines archaeological sites located within the region, medieval architectural structures, monuments of the Timurid period, as well as religious and spiritual sites of significant importance. In addition, the article analyzes the process of formation of historical monuments, their role in cultural, scientific, and spiritual life, and current issues related to their preservation. The article serves as an important scholarly source for the study of the rich historical and cultural heritage of the Samarkand region.
ABDULLA AVLONIY'S SOCIO-POLITICAL ACTIVITY
This article analyzes the socio-political activities of Abdulla Avloniy, an Uzbek educator, journalist, and public figure who lived and worked at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The article highlights his role in national awakening, enlightenment, education, and the Jadid movement, as well as his initiatives aimed at transforming society through the press and dramatic arts. In addition, Avloniy’s political role during the Soviet era and his contributions to public education are examined from a scholarly perspective.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY OF MAHMUDKHO’JA BEHBUDI’S SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE TODAY
This scientific article provides a comprehensive analysis of the scholarly and educational heritage of Mahmudkhoja Behbudi, one of the founders of the Uzbek Jadid movement. The study examines the sources of formation, essence, and stages of research of Behbudi’s intellectual legacy. The author analyzes Behbudi’s pedagogical, historical, journalistic, and socio-philosophical views on a scientific basis and reveals their significance in shaping modern education, spirituality, and national consciousness today. In addition, the article highlights new scholarly assessments of Behbudi’s heritage in the period of independence and outlines prospective directions for future research.
SCREEN AND REVOLUTION: CINEMA IN THE FORMATION OF SOVIET IDEOLOGY IN THE 1920-1930
This article examines the role of cinema in the formation of Soviet ideology during the 1920s and 1930s. The study analyzes the development of Soviet cinematic art, its ideological functions, and its influence on social consciousness. Special attention is paid to montage techniques, revolutionary themes, and the works of prominent directors such as Dziga Vertov, Sergei Eisenstein, and Vsevolod Pudovkin. The article demonstrates how cinema served as an effective tool for promoting revolutionary ideas and shaping Soviet societal values.
MUTATIONS AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES
Mutations are essential biological events that influence genetic diversity, evolutionary processes, and the development of various diseases. They are defined as heritable alterations in the DNA sequence that may occur spontaneously or be induced by environmental mutagens. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the main types of mutations, their underlying molecular mechanisms, and their biological consequences at the cellular, organismal, and population levels. Using a qualitative review of contemporary scientific literature, mutations are classified according to their origin, structural characteristics, and functional effects. The results demonstrate that while neutral and beneficial mutations contribute to genetic variability and evolutionary adaptation, deleterious mutations are closely associated with inherited genetic disorders, metabolic diseases, and cancer. The discussion emphasizes the dual role of mutations as both drivers of evolution and major factors in disease development. Understanding mutation mechanisms and outcomes is crucial for advances in molecular biology, medical genetics, and personalized medicine.
ISSUES OF DIFFERENTIAL AND INDIVIDUAL APPROACH IN TEACHING THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
This article examines the issues of applying differential and individual approaches in teaching the Russian language in modern educational contexts. The study focuses on the pedagogical significance of adapting instruction to learners’ cognitive abilities, language proficiency levels, learning styles, and individual needs. The article analyzes theoretical foundations of differentiated and individualized instruction, identifies key challenges in their practical implementation, and highlights their role in improving learners’ communicative competence and motivation. The findings emphasize that the effective integration of differential and individual approaches contributes to learner-centered education and enhances the overall quality of Russian language teaching.
NEGOTIATED POWER ON THE IMPERIAL FRONTIER: THE KHIVA KHANATE AND RUSSIA DURING THE REIGN OF MUHAMMAD RAHIMKHAN I (1806–1825)
This thesis argues that relations between the Khiva Khanate and the Russian Empire during the reign of Muhammad Rahimkhan I (1806–1825) constituted a consciously regulated system of interaction shaped by strategic calculation rather than imperial inevitability. It is maintained that Khiva was not a passive object of Russian expansion but an active political actor that pursued a policy of selective diplomacy, economic control, and informational management to preserve sovereignty. At the same time, Russian policy toward Khiva is interpreted as cautious, exploratory, and constrained, relying on intelligence gathering, commercial probing, and symbolic diplomacy rather than direct domination. By integrating Western historiography, Russian imperial records, Central Asian narrative traditions, and materials from major archival and museum collections, this study reconsiders early nineteenth-century Russo–Khivan relations as a negotiated frontier relationship marked by agency, restraint, and mutual strategic awareness.
PEDAGOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ORGINIZING INDEPENDENT LEARNING
Independent education, also referred to as self-directed or autonomous learning, represents a pedagogical process in which learners consciously take responsibility for their cognitive and professional development through active, purposeful, and reflective engagement with educational content. The concept is grounded in the fundamental assumption that education is not merely the transmission of information from teacher to student, but rather a dynamic interaction between the learner and their environment, wherein knowledge is actively constructed rather than passively received. From this theoretical standpoint, independent learning encompasses the development of intellectual autonomy, critical reasoning, and self-regulation, all of which contribute to the formation of a self-sufficient, reflective, and adaptable personality capable of life-long learning in an ever-changing social and technological context.
PLURAL FORMATION IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN: A COMPARATIVE LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
In every natural language, plural formation is one of the most important morphological processes, and it often reveals structural and historical characteristics of language. This research aims to investigate a comparative linguistic analysis of plural formation in English and German and to identify the central differences and similarities between the two languages. The analysis also focuses on regular and irregular nouns, vowel change, zero plurals, affixation forms, and loanword adaptation. It is considered that both languages are belong to the same language family, while there are numerous differences between two languages. German exhibits a wider range of plural markers and more frequent stem modifications. In contrast, English relies mainly on the -s/-es suffix. At the same time, both languages involve historically irregular forms of nouns. The results of this study are instrumental in a better understanding of the plural morphology of two languages and useful for language teaching and learning contexts.
A STRATEGY FOR INCREASING STUDENTS’ TASK COMPLETION ENGAGEMENT
This article analyzes the challenges students face in completing academic tasks and explores effective strategies to overcome these difficulties. The study examines students’ attitudes toward tasks, their motivation, and overall engagement. The proposed method focuses on intentionally leaving classroom tasks unfinished in order to foster students’ intrinsic interest and sense of responsibility. The study was conducted with the participation of 20 students, and the results of the traditional homework method were compared with those of the newly proposed strategy. The findings demonstrate that the new method significantly improves both the rate and quality of task completion. The results confirm that this strategy can be effectively implemented in the educational process and contributes to increasing students’ learning engagement.
MEASURES TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF DIABETES AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE
Today, diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. World Health​​ Save Organization to the data according to, young people between this of the disease spread year gradually increasing This is happening. type 1 in the article and 2nd round sugary diabetes youth between meeting causes, clinical symptoms, complications and prevent to take to the measures attention​​ Research​​ results this It turns out that it is wrong.​ Nutrition, physical activity decrease , genetic tendency and stress cases youth between diabetes development main are factors. Prevention measures as healthy​​ marriage style shaping, physical activity increase, healthy​​ food culture develop and sports with to engage in necessary.
SKELETAL, CARDIAC, AND SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUES: STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES AND FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATIONS
Muscle tissue plays a fundamental role in the human body by enabling movement, maintaining posture, and regulating vital physiological processes. Based on structural and functional characteristics, muscle tissue is classified into three main types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. This article provides a comparative analysis of the structural differences and functional adaptations of these muscle tissue types. Using a descriptive and analytical review approach, the histological features, excitation–contraction coupling mechanisms, calcium regulation, and energy utilization of each muscle type are examined. The results demonstrate that skeletal muscle is adapted for rapid and voluntary contractions, cardiac muscle for continuous and rhythmic involuntary activity, and smooth muscle for slow, sustained, and energy-efficient contractions. These structural and physiological specializations enable each muscle type to fulfill specific functional demands. Understanding the differences among skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues is essential for medical education and has significant clinical relevance in the diagnosis and management of muscle-related disorders.
THE IMPORTANCE OF TEACHING PHYSIOLOGY BASED ON MODERN PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICAL UNIVERSITIES
This article discusses the relevance of teaching medical programs using medical and pedagogical technologies, particularly through the use of "Biopac Student Lab" equipment in the instruction of "Normal Physiology."
THE ESSENCE OF ELECTRONIC EDUCATION (E-LEARNING) AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
This article highlights the role, essence and importance of electronic education (e-learning) and digital technologies in the education system. The main forms of electronic education, its differences from traditional education and its advantages in the modern educational process are analyzed.
THE ROLE OF SURGICAL DENTISTRY IN THE COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENT OF ODONTOGENIC INFECTIONS
Odontogenic infections of the maxillofacial region remain a significant problem in modern dentistry due to their high prevalence and the risk of severe complications. Despite substantial advances in antibacterial therapy, surgical treatment continues to play a leading role in comprehensive management. This article examines the role of surgical dentistry in the treatment of odontogenic infections and analyzes the main surgical methods aimed at eliminating the primary source of inflammation and preventing the spread of infection. It is demonstrated that timely surgical intervention combined with rational pharmacological therapy contributes to a reduction in complication rates and improved clinical outcomes.
THE INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOEMOTIONAL STATE ON PERIODONTAL DISEASES
Numerous epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies demonstrate that stress influences the onset and progression of changes in periodontal tissues. However, studies examining the impact of stress during university studies on the development of periodontal diseases in students have been virtually nonexistent in the scientific literature.
INFLUENCE OF SYSTEMIC DISEASES ON ORAL HEALTH
The condition of the oral cavity is closely related to the general systemic health of the individual. Chronic systemic diseases significantly affect oral tissues and organs, altering the course of dental diseases and reducing the effectiveness of conventional treatment approaches. This review article analyzes current scientific data on the influence of endocrine, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hematological and immune diseases on hard dental tissues, periodontal structures, oral mucosa and salivary glands. The main pathogenetic mechanisms underlying oral manifestations of systemic disorders are discussed. The importance of an interdisciplinary approach in therapeutic dentistry is emphasized.
CLINICAL AND LABORATORY EVALUATION OF NEW-GENERATION ADHESIVE SYSTEMS IN THE RESTORATION OF HARD DENTAL TISSUES
Advances in adhesive dentistry have led to the development of new-generation adhesive systems designed to enhance bonding to hard dental tissues and improve clinical outcomes. These systems combine micromechanical retention with chemical bonding, contributing to restoration durability.
DETERMINANTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL COMPETENCE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS IN HIGHER EDUCATION
This article analyzes the determinants of development of socio-emotional competence of foreign language teachers working in the higher education system. The study scientifically covers the essence of socio-emotional competence, its components, its role in the professional development of the teacher, and the organizational and pedagogical conditions that develop it. The author proposes a model for developing socio-emotional competence, which shows effective ways to form the teacher's empathy, reflection, self-management, and communicative culture skills.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MOTIVATION AND ATTENTION IN DIGITAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS
This article explores how motivation and attention operate within digital education settings. It highlights the challenges of maintaining focus, cognitive engagement, and self-discipline in virtual classrooms. The study identifies intrinsic motivation, gamification, and self-regulated learning as key psychological drivers of success in online education.
ENGLISH TEACHING METHODS IN PRESCHOOL EDUCATION
The purpose of this article is to establish the basic principles for choosing the best approach and the most appropriate methods for teaching English as a second language in preschool education. The study was conducted to identify and summarize the main English language teaching methods and related approaches used in the past and present. In addition, as a result of the research, the article highlights some facts, factors and procedures that should be considered when choosing the appropriate techniques for a particular situation. The importance of the preschool stage for children is also emphasized, as it is during this period that children reach their maximum potential in terms of language acquisition. In addition, this article highlights the content and essence of the use of multimedia technologies in teaching English to children based on an integrative approach, clarifies the age and pedagogical-psychological features of the formation of interest in the English language in children, and scientific and methodological recommendations are being developed for the use of multimedia technologies in teaching English to children based on an integrative approach.
INTERRELАTIОNSHIP BETWEEN METАBОLIC DISEАSES, CHRОNIC INFLАMMАTIОN АND IMMUNE MОDULАTIОN: IN THE CОNTEXT ОF INSULIN RESISTАNCE АND CАRDIОVАSCULАR DISEАSE PАTHОGENESIS
This аrticle аnаlyzes the cоmplex interrelаtiоnships between metаbоlic diseаses, chrоnic inflаmmаtiоn аnd immune system mоdulаtiоn. It is emphаsized thаt chrоnic inflаmmаtоry prоcesses аre аssоciаted with аberrаnt immune respоnses in the pаthоgenesis оf insulin resistаnce аnd cаrdiоvаsculаr diseаses. The rоle оf immune mоdulаtоry mechаnisms in the develоpment оf metаbоlic diseаses аnd the оccurrence оf cаrdiоvаsculаr pаthоlоgies is аlsо discussed in detаil. The study аlsо demоnstrаtes the scientific bаsis fоr tаrgeted mоdulаtiоn оf the immune system in the preventiоn аnd treаtment оf metаbоlic аnd cаrdiоvаsculаr diseаses.
Numonova Gulmirakhon Egamnazarovna Usmonzoda Umidakhan Nazir kizi
PROFESSIONAL TRANSLATORS AND TRANSLATION TECHNOLOGY
Today, we are fully conscious of the significant role technology plays in both our personal and professional lives, as this has always been its primary purpose and continues to drive its evolution. This article opens with a brief examination of the relevance of translation technology across different domains of contemporary society, emphasizing the factors that contributed to its emergence and growth. It then provides a general overview of the tools made available by this technology, ranging from machine translation to computer-assisted translation, clarifying what is regarded as the core component of CAT, namely translation memory (TM). In the final section, the article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of these technological tools from the perspective of professional translators. It concludes that, on the one hand, translators must increasingly adopt these tools to remain competitive in the translation process, while on the other hand, companies developing such technologies should place greater emphasis on translation quality and on the active participation of professional translators in tool development. Strengthening communication between these two parties should represent the next major challenge for technology providers.
Jumanazarova Barchinoy Jamshid qizi,Ernazarova Nargiza Xidirovna
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF ENTEROBIASIS PREVALENCE IN KARAKALPAKSTAN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRIORITY PREVENTION STRATEGIES.
This article analyzes the patterns of enterobiasis distribution on a global scale, with a specific focus on the Republic of Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan). The etiology of the disease, transmission routes, and key epidemiological factors are examined. Observations conducted in Karakalpakstan indicate a relatively high incidence rate among children. The findings suggest that the elevated infection rate is associated with poor sanitary and hygienic conditions, as well as limited access to healthcare services. The article offers practical value for the development of preventive measures against this infection.
THE IMPACT OF LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION ON HYPERTENSION MANAGEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR RISK
DEFINITION EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYSIOTHERAPY CARE FOR DENTAL PATIENTS IN THE REGIONAL DENTAL CLINIC OF THE CITY OF ANDIJAN.
This article shows the results of the physiotherapeutic assistance provided in outpatient and inpatient surgical conditions for dental patients. We examined 391 patients with pulpitis-317, with acute and exacerbated chronic periodontitis – 416, with periodontitis – 312, with caries – 509, with glossalgia-54, with alveolitis – 147, with trigeminal neuralgia-21, with epulis-12, with sinusitis – 34, with other diseases – 193 patients. Physical methods of treating dental patients gave a positive effect in a short period of time and achieved a reduction in pain.
X.Yu.Eshbadalov, M.G.Teshaboev, J.J.Oxunov, M.M.Gulomqodirova
OPPORTUNITIES FOR MANAGING THE LEARNING PROCESS IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION
this article includes various concepts, theories and approaches aimed at integrating modern technologies into educational processes and improving learning efficiency. The use of digital technologies in education involves innovative pedagogical models that are presented to develop higher-order thinking skills and conceptual understanding, and in many cases improve students' creativity, imagination and problem-solving skills.
FUNCTIONAL ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY OUTCOMES IN CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS: A PROSPECTIVE CLINICAL STUDY
Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a persistent inflammatory disease that significantly reduces quality of life. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is indicated when medical therapy fails. Objective: To assess clinical and endoscopic outcomes of FESS in medically refractory CRS. Methods: Adult CRS patients undergoing FESS were prospectively evaluated using nasal endoscopy, CT scoring, and SNOT-22 before surgery and during 12-month follow-up. Results: FESS produced significant improvement in symptoms and endoscopic findings. Both CRS phenotypes showed clinically meaningful benefit, with low complication and revision rates. Better outcomes were associated with adherence to postoperative therapy and absence of asthma. Conclusion: FESS is a safe and effective treatment for refractory CRS, resulting in sustained symptom relief and improved sinonasal function.
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE IN NURSING PRACTICE AND THE ESSENCE OF MANAGEMENT COMPETENCIES
This article highlights the specific features of management science in nursing practice and reveals the essence of management competencies. In the healthcare system, the role of nurses is closely related not only to patient care but also to management activities. Therefore, studying management science in nursing, developing leadership skills, and improving professional competencies are of great importance. The article analyzes the main functions of nursing management, the distinctive aspects of the management process, and the key management competencies required for a modern nurse leader. The results of the study substantiate the significance of management knowledge in nursing practice for ensuring effective medical services.
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ И ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ СРЕДСТВА ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ РЕЧЕВЫХ АКТОВ УБЕЖДЕНИЯ И ВНУШЕНИЯ В РУССКОМ И КИТАЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ
В статье представлен сопоставительный анализ грамматических, лексических и просодических средств реализации речевых актов (РА) убеждения и внушения в русском и китайском языках. Исследование опирается на теоретический аппарат прагмалингвистики и теории вежливости. Методом контрастивного анализа выявлены системные различия в стратегиях выражения убеждения и внушения. В частности, для русского языка характерна ориентация на рациональную аргументацию и вариативность директивности, в то время как китайский язык отражает преференцию к косвенным стратегиям, опосредованным принципом сохранения коммуникативной гармонии. Установлено, что выбор конкретных языковых средств детерминирован не только грамматическим строем языков, но и глубинными культурно-обусловленными прагматическими установками.
ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ РЕЧЕВЫХ АКТОВ УБЕЖДЕНИЯ И ВНУШЕНИЯ В ПРАГМАТИКЕ И МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ
Статья посвящена теоретическому описанию речевых актов убеждения и внушения как разновидностей речевого воздействия в межличностной и межкультурной коммуникации. Опираясь на концепции Дж. Остина, Дж. Серля, Г. Лича, П. Брауна и С. Левинсона, а также современные исследования русских и китайских лингвистов, уточняются иллокутивные и перлокутивные параметры убеждения и внушения, их дискурсивные маркеры и социокультурные функции. Особое внимание уделяется межкультурным различиям русской и китайской коммуникативных традиций, демонстрирующим различие между рационально-аргументативным типом воздействия (убеждение) и гармонизирующим, косвенным типом воздействия (внушение). В статье рассматриваются механизмы прагматической адаптации стратегий воздействия в зависимости от статуса, дистанции, ролевых ожиданий и культурных ценностей, а также описываются перлокутивные эффекты, формирующиеся в результате успешного или неуспешного влияния.