THE ROLE OF REALITY IN THE PERCEPTION OF THE ZEITGEIST AND ITS REPRESENTATIONS
Abstract
The article provides a broad analysis of the problem of perception from philosophical, historical, and contemporary scientific perspectives. The influence of the concept of the “spirit of the age” on the process of perception is examined as a central issue, with various methodological approaches – empirical-neurocognitive, phenomenological, symbolic, dialectical-historical, reflective-empirical, naturalistic, and neurophenomenological – being comparatively analyzed. The article highlights the views of Eastern thinkers such as al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, and al-Biruni in comparison with the theories of Western scholars like Hegel, Merleau-Ponty, Cassirer, and Jaspers. The findings substantiate that perception is not merely a simple sensation but a complex phenomenon shaped through mental constructions, cultural symbols, and historical context. Moreover, it is emphasized that modern cognitive science and neuropsychological approaches reveal the mental and neurophysiological foundations of perception.
Keywords
perception, spirit of the age, reality, phenomenology, symbolic approach, reflective empiricism, naïve realism, neurophenomenology, cognitive psychology, philosophical analysis.
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