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Vol. 12 No. 11 (2025)
International Multidisciplinary Journal for Research & Development

Articles

HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA DIAGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS: INTEGRATIVE MOLECULAR AND CLINICAL ADVANCES (2025 REVIEW)

Published 2025-11-27

  • Djanayev Gayrat Yusupovich
    • ,
  • Turdymuratov Ruslanbek, Jurayev Nabijon , Xadjasheva Saidaxon

Djanayev Gayrat Yusupovich
Scientific supervisor:

Turdymuratov Ruslanbek, Jurayev Nabijon , Xadjasheva Saidaxon
Students at Tashkent State Medical University, Tashkent Uzbekistan.

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains the most common primary malignancy of the liver and a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Traditional diagnostic strategies centered on alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and imaging have limited sensitivity, especially for early-stage disease. Recent molecular advances have transformed the diagnostic paradigm, incorporating glycoproteins such as Golgi protein 73 (GP73) and glypican-3 (GPC3), coagulation markers such as des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (PIVKA-II), and liquid biopsy components including circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and microRNAs (miRNAs). These biomarkers, alongside radiomic and metabolomic innovations, offer accuracy levels previously unattainable in hepatology. This review integrates findings from sixteen recent peer-reviewed studies (2024–2025) to delineate diagnostic efficacy, mechanistic relevance, and clinical implications, highlighting the emergence of multi-marker and AI-assisted detection systems.

Keywords

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); liver cancer; diagnostic biomarkers; alpha-fetoprotein (AFP); Protein Induced by Vitamin K Absence or Antagonist-II (PIVKA-II); des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (DCP); Golgi Protein 73 (GP73); Glypican-3 (GPC3); microRNAs (miRNAs); long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs); circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA); cell-free DNA (cfDNA); liquid biopsy; radiomics; metabolomics; artificial intelligence (AI); machine learning; molecular diagnostics; multi-omics integration; early detection.

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References

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