Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Vol. 13 No. 4 (2026)
International Multidisciplinary Journal for Research & Development

Articles

THE SCOPE OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS IN MEDICAL PRACTICE AND THE RELEVANCE OF THEIR IMPROVEMENT

Published 2026-04-02

  • Iroda Takhirova Brоdarovna,Sokhib Rashidov Zamon o'g'li

Iroda Takhirova Brоdarovna,Sokhib Rashidov Zamon o'g'li
Department of the pharmacology of the Tashkent state medical university

Abstract

There are significant ramifications for public health, treatment, and prevention when it comes to the correlation and causal role of infectious pathogens in chronic inflammatory illnesses. Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications are among the many medications that must be administered in the pharmacological treatment of combination infection and inflammatory illnesses. However, this can cause adverse effects, and therefore, dual-action drugs need to be developed. Promising candidates seem to be anti-inflammatory medications that have demonstrated antibacterial qualities. Clinical trials involving individuals with cellulitis and uncomplicated UTIs were conducted to investigate NSAIDs, specifically aceclofenac, diclofenac, and ibuprofen. Patients with UTIs experienced symptom relief when ibuprofen, a medication studied in the greatest number of studies, was administered. Furthermore, ibuprofen showed strong in vitro antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (MIC 0.625–2.5 mg/L), and generated a high survival rate in mice infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The majority of anti-inflammatory medications only have data demonstrating their antibacterial properties in vivo and in vitro. Among these, mice afflicted with Enterococcus faecium, S. aureus and Clostridium difficile showed a high survival rate when treated with auranofin. Additionally, it demonstrated a potent in vitro growth-inhibitory action against Bacillus subtilis, C. difficile, E. faecalis, E. faecium, Streptococcus agalactiae, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis and Mycobacterium TB (MIC 0.0015–5 mg/L). Aspirin has demonstrated strong to moderate in vitro action against E. coli, B. cereus, P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella choleraesuis (MIC 1.2–5 mg/L) and a good survival rate in mice infected with M. tuberculosis. Additionally, mice's MRSA load was significantly reduced when celecoxib was applied topically. But in vitro, it only had mild effects against Bacillus subitilis, S. aureus and S. epidermidis (MIC 16–64 mg/L). According to these findings, some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs) show promise as dual-action medication candidates for the possible treatment of infectious and inflammatory conditions such tuberculosis, musculoskeletal infections, and urinary tract infections. However, before these NSAIDs are used in practice, more clinical trials must be carried out to determine their bactericidal efficacy.

Keywords

Bacterial infection, cellulitis, cystitis, inflammation, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, dual-action medications, single-drug treatment.

PDF

References

  1. Okpala OE, Rondevaldova J, Kokoska L. Anti-inflammatory drugs as potential antimicrobial agents: a review. Front Pharmacol. 2025 Apr 8;16:1557333. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1557333.
  2. Ghlichloo I, Gerriets V. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547742/
  3. Hou, K., Wu, ZX., Chen, XY. et al. Microbiota in health and diseases. Sig Transduct Target Ther 7, 135 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-00974-4
  4. Aripov A.N., Aripov O.A., Akhundjanova L.L., Nabiev A.U., Nabieva D.A., & Khamroev T.T. (2022). Study the effect of yantacin on some indicators of cellular renewal and on the level of protein expression on rat hepatocytes in chronic heliotrine liver damage. International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research, 2(05), 06–13. https://doi.org/10.37547/ijmscr/Volume02Issue05-02.
  5. Chojnacki, C.; Konrad, P.; Błońska, A.; Medrek-Socha, M.; Przybylowska-Sygut, K.; Chojnacki, J.; Poplawski, T. Altered Tryptophan Metabolism on the Kynurenine Pathway in Depressive Patients with Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3217.
  6. Aripov A. N, Akhunzhanova L. L, Nabiev A. U, Aripov A. O, Khamroev T. T.. Antifibrotic Efficacy of a New Phytocomposition of Essential Phospholipids with Glycyrrhizic Acid, Ecdysterone, Lycopene and Proanthacyanidin in Experimental Severe Chronic Hepatitis Compared with Phosphogliv. Biomed Pharmacol J 2023;16(3).Pages : 1815-1825. DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2761
  7. Socała K., Doboszewska U., Szopa A., Serefko A., Włodarczyk M., Zielińska A., Poleszak E., Fichna J., Wlaź P. The Role of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Disorders. Pharmacol. Res. 2021;172:105840. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105840.
  8. Aripov A.N, Akhunjanova L.L, Khamroev T.T, Aripov Abdumalik Nigmatovich, Akhunjanova Lola Lazizovna, & Khamroev Tolmas Tolibovich. (2022). Differential Analysis of Chronic Toxic Hepatitis Caused by The Introduction of Heliotrin Solution in Various Ways. Texas Journal of Medical Science, 4, 58–62. Retrieved from https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjms/article/view/670
  9. Rashidov S.Z., Rakhimboev S.D., Sanoev Z.I., Abdinazarov I.T., Khamroev T.T., Ismailova D.S., & Elmuradov B.J.. (2022). Study of psychoactive activity potassium salt 5-(o-aminophenyl)-1,3,4- oxadiazole-2-thion (D-361). International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research, 2(09), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.37547/ijmscr/Volume02Issue09-01
  10. Góralczyk-Bińkowska, A.; Szmajda-Krygier, D.; Kozłowska, E. The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Psychiatric Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 11245.
  11. Heiss C.N., Olofsson L.E. The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Development, Function and Disorders of the Central Nervous System and the Enteric Nervous System. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2019;31:e12684. doi: 10.1111/jne.12684.
  12. Арипов А.Н., Арипов О.А., Ахунджанова Л.Л., Набиев А.Ў., Нишанбаев С.З., Набиева Д.А., Ҳамроев Т.Т. Тажриба шароитида сафорофлавонолозиднинг гепатотроп фаоллигини ўрганиш. Oriental Journal of Medicine and Pharmacology, 2(02), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.37547/supsci-ojmp-02-02-07
  13. Angst D., Gessier F., Janser P., Vulpetti A., Wälchli R., Beerli C., et al. Discovery of LOU064 (Remibrutinib), a potent and highly selective covalent inhibitor of Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase. J. Med. Chem. 2020;63(10):5102–5118. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01916.
  14. Zakhidova L.T., Saidkhodjaeva D.M., Sanoev Z.I., Tukhtasheva V.F., Rakhmanova H.A.., Hamroyev T.T. Toxicological Characteristics Of N-Deacetyllappaconitine Under Chronic Administration In White Rats. The American Journal of Applied Sciences, 3(03), 34-41. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajas/Volume03Issue03-06
  15. Guerra E., Garcia-Sanchez Y., Jornet-Gibert M., Nuñez J., Balaguer-Castro M., Madden K. Clinical practice guidelines: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Injury. 2022;54((Suppl. S3)):S26–S29. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2022.01.047.
  16. Khamroev T.T., Sanoev Z.I., Rakhimboev S.D., Abdinazarov I.T., Rashidov S.Z. Effect of antiarrhythmic substance N – dezacetyllapoconitin on the central nervous system. ISJ Theoretical &Applied Science, 07 (99), 153-157. http://soi.org/1.1/TAS-07-99-31 Doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.15863
  17. Asahina Y., Wurtz N.R., Arakawa K., Carson N., Fujii K., Fukuchi K., et al. Discovery of BMS-986235/LAR-1219: a potent formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) selective agonist for the prevention of heart failure. J. Med. Chem. 2020;63(17):9003–9019. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02101.
  18. Sanoev Z.I., Abdinazarov I.T., Rakhimboev S.D., Rashidov S.Z., Hamroyev T.T. Study Of The General Pharmacological Properties Of A New Antiarrhythmic N-Deacetyllappaconitine With Oral Administration. The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research, 3(03), 60-64. https://doi.org/10.37547/TAJMSPR/Volume03Issue03-08
  19. Patton E.E., Zon L.I., Langenau D.M. Zebrafish disease models in drug discovery: From preclinical modelling to clinical trials. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2021;20:611–628. doi: 10.1038/s41573-021-00210-8.
  20. Sanoev Z. I, Ismailova D. S, Rakhimboev S. D. O, Khamroev T, T, Elmuradov B. Z, Abdinazarov I. T, Rashidov S. Z. O. Synthesis and Research Anticonvulsant Activity of Annulated Triazolo-Thiadiazine Derivative in Laboratory Animals. Biomed Pharmacol J 2023;16(4). DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2820
  21. Stokes, J.M.; Yang, K.; Swanson, K.; Jin, W.; Cubillos-Ruiz, A.; Donghia, N.M.; MacNair, C.R.; French, S.; Carfrae, L.A.; Bloom-Ackermann, Z. A deep learning approach to antibiotic discovery. Cell 2020, 180, 688–702.e613.
  22. Sanoev, Z.I., Djaxangirov, F.N., Sadikov, A.Z., Sagdullaev, S.S. Hamroyev T.T. Antiarrhythmic activity of N-deacetyllappaconitine when administered orally. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology,2021,25(2), 2339–2346. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajas/Volume03Issue03-06
  23. Thafar, M.A.; Alshahrani, M.; Albaradei, S.; Gojobori, T.; Essack, M.; Gao, X. Affinity2Vec: Drug-target binding affinity prediction through representation learning, graph mining, and machine learning. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 4751.
  24. Sokhib Rashidov Zamon oʻgʻli, Muslimakhon Kamolova Mirzokhidjon qizi, Ikhvoliddin Mirzaev Komiljon o‘g‘li, Nodira Pardaeva Botir qizi, Sevara Rakhmatullaeva Shukhrat qizi/. (2025). The importance of cardiotonic drugs in medical practice, the range of applications and the advantages of their use. International Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, 3(5), 95–100. Retrieved from https://medicaljournals.eu/index.php/IJCNP/article/view/1856
  25. Frileux, S.; Boltri, M.; Doré, J.; Leboyer, M.; Roux, P. Cognition and Gut Microbiota in Schizophrenia Spectrum and Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2024, 162, 105722.
  26. Sanoev Zafar Isomiddinovich, Rashidov Sokhib Zamon ugli, Raximboev Sukhrob Davlatyor ugli, Abdinazarov Ibrokhim Tuychievich, Khamroev Tolmas Tolibovich, Ismailova Dilnoza Safaralievna, & Elmuradov Burkhon Juraevich. (2022). Research of Anticonvulsant Activity of Compound 5- (P-Aminophenyl) - 1,3,4-Oxadiazole-2-Thion. Texas Journal of Medical Science, 13, 17–21. Retrieved from https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjms/article/view/2434
  27. Yu. R. Mirzaev, T. T. Khamroev, E. M. Ruzimov, B. N. Khandamov, & Sh. M. Adizov. (2022). Evaluation of the Effect on the Nervous System of Substances with an Alkaloid Structure Having Antitumor Activity. Journal Healthcare Treatment Development(JHTD) ISSN : 2799-1148, 2(06), 6–10. Retrieved from http://journal.hmjournals.com/index.php/JHTD/article/view/1577
  28. Kong Y.K., Song K.-S., Jung M.E., Kang M., Kim H.J., Kim M.J. Discovery of GCC5694A: A potent and selective sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2022;56 doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128466.
  29. Aripov A.N., Aripov O.A., Akhunjanova L.L., Nabiev A.O., Nabieva D.A., & Khamroev T.T. (2022). Study the antifibrous efficacy of plant proanthocyanidin in rats with chronic heliotrine liver damage. Frontline Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Journal, 2(05), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.37547/medical-fmspj-02-05-03.
  30. Sokhib Rashidov Zamon oʻgʻli, Nilufar Ergasheva Agʼzamjon qizi, Elyor Zokirboyev Anvarjon o‘gli, Umidjon Akramov Abdusamad o‘g‘li, & Aziza Egamberdieva Farkhod qizi. (2025). Drugs That Increase the Tone of the Human Body and Pharmacological Characteristics of Immunodeficiency Agents. American Journal of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, 2(5), 300–306. Retrieved from https://biojournals.us/index.php/AJBP/article/view/1065
  31. Günther J., Hillig R.C., Zimmermann K., Kaulfuss S., Lemos C., Nguyen D., et al. BAY-069, a Novel (Trifluoromethyl) pyrimidinedione-Based BCAT1/2 Inhibitor and Chemical Probe. J. Med. Chem. 2022;65(21):14366–14390. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00441.
  32. Sokhib Rashidov Zamon oʻgʻli, Murodjon Nabiev Mahammadkarim o‘g‘li, Mo'tabar Yoqubjonova Khusanboy qizi, Shakhzodakhon Bekmurodova Poʻlatjon qizi, & Jumanazar To‘ychiev Saidqul o‘g‘li. (2025). Comparative Analysis of Drugs Used for Anemia and Drugs Storing Iron. Research Journal of Trauma and Disability Studies, 4(5), 190–195. Retrieved from https://journals.academiczone.net/index.php/rjtds/article/view/5141
  33. Rosa J.G.S., Lima C., Lopes-Ferreira M. Zebrafish larvae behavior models as a tool for drug screenings and pre-clinical trials: A review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23:6647. doi: 10.3390/ijms23126647.
  34. Sokhib Rashidov Zamon oʻgʻli, Shakhzoda Abduraimova Abdusattor qizi, Nigora Yusufjonova Mirrakhim qizi, Diyora Turdibekova Erkinjon qizi, & Makhsuma Dovutkho’jayeva Maqsudjonovna. (2025). Classification, Indications for Use, Range of Applications and Disadvantages of Medicines against Nematodes and Leishmania. Research Journal of Trauma and Disability Studies, 4(5), 196–201. Retrieved from https://journals.academiczone.net/index.php/rjtds/article/view/5142
  35. Sokhib Rashidov Zamon oʻgʻli, Nigora Yusufjonova Mirrakhim qizi, Diyora Turdibekova Erkinjon qizi, Makhsuma Dovutkho’jaeva Maqsudjonovna, Shakhzoda Abduraimova Abdusattor qizi, Analysis of the effect of medicines used in medical practice for various diseases on the fetus , european journal of modern medicine and practice: Vol. 5 No. 5 (2025) 342-347.
  36. Cockerill G.S., Angell R.M., Bedernjak A., Chuckowree I., Fraser I., Gascon-Simorte J., et al. Discovery of sisunatovir (RV521), an inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus fusion. J. Med. Chem. 2021;64(7):3658–3676. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01882.
  37. Sokhib Rashidov Zamon oʻgʻli, Elyor Zokirboev Anvarjon ògli, Umidjon Akramov Abdusamad o‘g‘li, Aziza Egamberdiyeva Farkhod qizi, Munisa Qoʻshbekova Roʻzimbek qizi. (2025). Analysis of general and specific pharmacological properties of fat-soluble vitamins. International Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, 3(5), 101–106. Retrieved from https://medicaljournals.eu/index.php/IJCNP/article/view/1857
  38. Yang H, Wang A, Yang J, Luo R and Yang Y (2025) Alterations in gut microbiota composition in neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Microbiol. 16:1650212. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1650212
  39. Mingming You, Nan Chen, Yuanyuan Yang, Lingjun Cheng, Hongzhang He, Yanhua Cai, Yating Liu, Haiyue Liu, Guolin Hong. The gut microbiota–brain axis in neurological disorders. MedCommVolume 5, Issue 8 e656. https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.656
  40. Sikorska D, Chlabicz S, Rydzewska G, Samborski W, Tykarski A, Woroń J. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in clinical practice — are there any new reports? Rheumatology Forum. 2024;10(1):26–37. doi:10.5603/rf.99945.
  41. Pedrolongo DA, Sagioneti FT, Weckwerth GM, Oliveira GM, Santos CF, Calvo AM. Study on the Consumption of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Antibiotics by the Brazilian Adult Population: A Cohort Study. Pharmacy. 2024; 12(5):150. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12050150

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.