CONSEQUENCES OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY

Abstract

This scientific article provides a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of vitamin D deficiency and its effects on the human body from the perspectives of modern physiology, endocrinology, and preventive medicine. Vitamin D is considered an essential biologically active substance that plays a key role in calcium-phosphorus metabolism, bone mineralization, immune system regulation, and maintenance of metabolic balance.

The study thoroughly describes the synthesis of vitamin D in the skin under ultraviolet radiation and its conversion into an active form in the liver and kidneys. Major sources of vitamin D, including sunlight exposure, fish products, dairy products, and other dietary sources, are also discussed.

Special attention is given to the causes of vitamin D deficiency, including insufficient sunlight exposure, sedentary lifestyle, poor nutrition, obesity, chronic liver and kidney diseases, and age-related physiological changes. Urbanization and prolonged indoor activity are identified as important contributing factors to widespread vitamin D deficiency.

The article extensively analyzes the effects of vitamin D deficiency on the skeletal system. Impaired calcium and phosphorus absorption leads to decreased bone mineralization, resulting in rickets in children, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis in adults. Increased bone fragility and fracture risk are also discussed in detail.

Furthermore, the study examines the role of vitamin D in muscle function. Vitamin D deficiency contributes to muscle weakness, reduced physical endurance, and impaired motor activity. In elderly individuals, this significantly increases the risk of falls and injuries.

Particular attention is also paid to the role of vitamin D in immune system regulation. Vitamin D supports immune cell activity and maintains the body’s defense mechanisms. Deficiency may increase susceptibility to infectious diseases and contribute to autoimmune disorders.

The article also analyzes the impact of vitamin D deficiency on the cardiovascular and endocrine systems. Associations between low vitamin D levels and arterial hypertension, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus are highlighted.

In conclusion, vitamin D deficiency is identified as a major medical and social problem with complex negative effects on multiple body systems. The importance of early diagnosis, prevention, and maintaining adequate vitamin D levels for preserving human health is strongly emphasized.