GLOBAL DYNAMICS OF BACTERIAL DRUG RESISTANCE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM

Abstract

The present article provides a comprehensive analysis of the global and regional epidemiological landscape of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), examined as a critical and growing threat to public health. Antimicrobial resistance is defined as the ability of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) to withstand the effects of antimicrobial agents that previously inhibited their growth effectively. The increasing prevalence of resistant strains significantly reduces the effectiveness of standard antibacterial treatment regimens, leading to higher rates of therapeutic failure, prolonged hospital stays, increased mortality, and a substantial rise in the economic burden on healthcare systems in both developed and developing countries.

The analysis identifies the main determinants contributing to the rise of AMR, including widespread and often irrational use of antibacterial drugs in clinical practice; over-the-counter availability of antibiotics; insufficient regulation of their use in veterinary medicine and agriculture; poor sanitary and hygiene conditions; limited access to modern laboratory diagnostics; and inadequate infection prevention and control systems within healthcare facilities. Additional factors facilitating the spread of resistant strains include globalization, active migration processes, and high population density in urban areas.

The article formulates theoretical and practical recommendations aimed at improving the effectiveness of infectious disease control, optimizing the use of antimicrobial agents, and reducing the threat of further dissemination of resistant microorganisms. The material emphasizes the necessity of cross-sectoral cooperation, international coordination, and the implementation of evidence-based strategies to counteract the ongoing escalation of the AMR problem.