SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF BILIARY TRACT DISEASES: COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF MODERN APPROACHES

Abstract

Biliary tract surgery represents a cornerstone of abdominal surgery, addressing gallstone disease, bile duct obstruction, strictures, and hepatobiliary trauma. This comprehensive review analyzes current operative techniques, including laparoscopic cholecystectomy, open and laparoscopic common bile duct (CBD) exploration, and complex biliary reconstructions. A total of 280 patients undergoing various biliary procedures were analyzed, comparing perioperative outcomes, complications, and recovery protocols. Laparoscopic techniques demonstrated reduced morbidity and shorter hospitalization compared to open approaches. Integration of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols significantly improved early mobilization and nutritional tolerance. These findings highlight the importance of minimally invasive strategies, precise anatomical dissection, and evidence-based perioperative care to optimize outcomes in biliary tract surgery.