TYPE 2 DIABETES AND RETINOPATHY: EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common and severe microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), leading to vision impairment and blindness if left untreated. Early detection and preventive strategies are essential to reduce the burden of DR and improve patient outcomes. This study reviews current approaches for early diagnosis, including fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescein angiography, as well as preventive interventions such as tight glycemic control, blood pressure and lipid management, lifestyle modification, and patient education. Findings indicate that combined strategies integrating early screening, metabolic control, and lifestyle interventions are the most effective in reducing DR incidence and progression. Multidisciplinary care and patient adherence are crucial for sustained prevention and improved quality of life among individuals with T2DM.